Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

TRANSISTOR CURRENT COMPONENTS:

 

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

FIG 2

The above fig 2 shows the various current components, which flow across the forward biased emitter junction and reverse- biased collector junction. The emitter current Iconsists of hole current IPE (holes crossing from emitter into base) and electron current InE (electrons crossing from base into emitter).The ratio of hole to electron currents, IpE / InE   , crossing the emitter junction is proportional to the  ratio of the conductivity of the p material to that of the n material. In a transistor, the doping of the emitter is made much larger than the doping of the base. This feature ensures (in p-n-p transistor) that the emitter current consists of holes in a larger proportion. Such a situation is desired since the current which results from electrons crossing the emitter junction from base to emitter does not contribute carriers, which can reach the collector.

Not all the holes crossing the emitter junction Jreach the the collector junction Jbecause some of them combine with the electrons in n-type base. If IpC   is hole current at junction Jthere must be a bulk recombination current ( IpE- IpC ) leaving the base.

 

Actually, electrons enter the base region through the base lead to supply those charges, which have been lost by recombination with the holes injected into the base across JE. If the emitter was open circuited so that IE=0 then IpC would be zero. Under these circumstances, the base current IB and collector current IC would equal the reverse saturation current ICO. If IE≠0 then

IC= ICO- IpC

For a p-n-p transistor, ICO consists of holes moving across Jfrom left to right (base to collector) and electrons crossing JC   in opposite direction, assuming reference direction for ICO,  i.e. from right to left, then for a p-n-p transistor, ICO is negative. For a n-p-n transistor, ICO  is positive.The basic operation will be described using the pnp transistor. The operation of the npn transistor is exactly the same if the roles played by the electron and hole are interchanged.

One p-n junction of a transistor is reverse-biased, whereas the other is forward-biased.

     Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Forward-biased junction of a pnp transistor

 

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Reverse-biased junction of a pnp transistor

 

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

 

Both biasing potentials have been applied to a pnp transistor and resulting majority and minority carrier flows indicated.

Majority carriers (+) will diffuse across the forward-biased p-n junction into the n-type material.

A very small number of carriers (+) will through n-type material to the base terminal. Resulting IB , typically in order of microamperes.

The large number of majority charge carriers will diffuse across the reverse-biased junction into the p-type material connected to the collector terminal.

Applying KCL to the transistor :

IE = IC + IB

IC comprises of two components – the majority and minority carriers

IC = ICmajority + ICOminority 

ICO – IC current with emitter terminal open and is called leakage current.

Various parameters which relate the current components are given below:

Emitter efficiency:

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Transport Factor:

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Large signal current gain:

The ratio of the negative of collector current increment to the  emitter current change from zero (cut-off)to IE. The large signal current gain of a common base transistor.

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)
Since IC and Ihave opposite signs, then α, as defined, is always positive. Typically numerical values of α lies in the range of 0.90 to 0.995.

Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

The transistor alpha is the product of the transport factor and the emitter efficiency. This statement assumes that the collector multiplication ratio α is unity. α is the ratio of total current crossing JC to hole arriving at the junction.

The document Transistor Current Component | Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of the Electrical Engineering (EE) Course Analog and Digital Electronics.
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FAQs on Transistor Current Component - Analog and Digital Electronics - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is a transistor?
Ans. A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of three layers of semiconductor material and can control the flow of current between two terminals.
2. How does a transistor work?
Ans. A transistor works by using the principle of a tiny electrical current controlling a larger one. It consists of three layers - the emitter, base, and collector. By applying a small current or voltage to the base terminal, the transistor can regulate the larger current flowing between the emitter and collector terminals.
3. What are the different types of transistor current components?
Ans. There are two major types of transistor current components: NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) and PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive). In an NPN transistor, the majority charge carriers are negative electrons, while in a PNP transistor, they are positive holes.
4. How is current gain related to a transistor?
Ans. Current gain, also known as beta (β), is a measure of how well a transistor amplifies an input signal. It is the ratio of the output current to the input current. A higher current gain implies a higher amplification capability of the transistor.
5. What are the applications of transistor current components?
Ans. Transistors have a wide range of applications, including in amplifiers, oscillators, switches, and digital logic circuits. They are extensively used in electronic devices such as radios, televisions, computers, and mobile phones. Transistors have played a crucial role in the development of modern electronic technology.
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