Olympiad Test : Evolution Of Computers - Class 7 MCQ

Answer:
The correct answer is B: Silicon.
Explanation:
- The 4th and 5th generations of computers are powered by silicon chips.
- These generations of computers were developed between the late 1960s and the present day.
- Silicon is a widely used semiconductor material that forms the basis of modern electronic devices.
- Silicon chips, also known as semiconductors, are made from silicon wafers that are processed to create integrated circuits.
- Integrated circuits contain millions or billions of transistors, which are the building blocks of computer processors.
- Silicon chips revolutionized the computer industry by enabling the development of faster, smaller, and more powerful computers.
- These generations of computers saw advancements in processing power, memory capacity, and overall performance.
- Silicon chips continue to be the dominant technology in modern computer systems, including personal computers, smartphones, and servers.
In summary, the 4th and 5th generations of computers are powered by silicon chips, which have transformed the computer industry with their incredible processing power and miniaturization capabilities.

First generation computers were mainly used for scientific calculations:

• During the first generation of computers, which lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1950s, computers were primarily used for scientific and mathematical calculations.


• These computers were designed to perform complex calculations and solve mathematical equations, making them ideal for scientific research and engineering applications.


• Scientific calculations often involved large amounts of data and complex algorithms, and the first generation computers were capable of handling these tasks efficiently.


• They were used in various scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, astronomy, and engineering.


• These computers were not as versatile as modern computers and were mainly used for specific scientific tasks.

Other characteristics of first generation computers:

• First generation computers had speeds measured in microseconds (millionths of a second).


• They used vacuum tubes as their primary electronic components, which were large, fragile, and generated a significant amount of heat.


• These computers were large in size and required a considerable amount of space to accommodate their components.


• They were expensive to build and maintain, and only a few organizations and research institutions could afford them.


• First generation computers did not have sophisticated software like modern operating systems. They were programmed using machine language or low-level programming languages.

Conclusion:

First generation computers were primarily used for scientific calculations and lacked the advanced features and capabilities of modern computers. They were limited in their use and required specialized knowledge to operate and program. However, they laid the foundation for future advancements in computer technology.

Features of Second Generation Computers:
The second generation of computers marked a significant advancement in technology compared to the first generation. They were developed during the 1950s and 1960s and brought about several new features and improvements. However, one feature that was not present in second generation computers was the programming in mechanical language.
Features of Second Generation Computers:
1. Transistors were used: Second generation computers utilized transistors as the primary electronic component for processing and amplifying electrical signals. Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes used in first generation computers, resulting in smaller, faster, and more reliable machines.
2. Core memory was developed: Core memory, also known as magnetic core memory, was a significant development during the second generation. It provided a more efficient and reliable form of primary storage compared to the magnetic drums used in first generation computers.
3. Easier to program than first generation computers: Second generation computers introduced higher-level programming languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL. These languages made programming easier and more accessible to a wider range of users.
4. Improved speed and performance: With the use of transistors and other technological advancements, second generation computers demonstrated significant improvements in speed and performance compared to their predecessors.
Not a feature of second generation computers:
- Programming in mechanical language: Mechanical language programming was not a feature of second generation computers. Mechanical language refers to programming systems that utilize mechanical components, such as gears and levers, to perform computations. This type of programming was primarily used in first generation computers and was subsequently phased out in favor of electronic programming languages in the second generation.
In summary, while second generation computers incorporated features such as the use of transistors, the development of core memory, and easier programming, they did not involve programming in mechanical language.

Answer:

Data and information is temporarily stored in RAM (Random Access Memory). Here is a detailed explanation:

RAM (Random Access Memory):
- RAM is a type of computer memory that is used to store data and instructions that are actively being used by the computer's processor.
- It is a volatile memory, which means that the data stored in RAM is only retained as long as the computer is powered on.
- RAM is a temporary storage location that provides fast and efficient access to data and instructions required by the CPU.
- It allows for quick reading and writing of data, which helps in the smooth and efficient operation of the computer.
- RAM acts as a bridge between the CPU and the storage devices, such as the hard drive or SSD, allowing for faster data transfer.
- When a computer is turned off or restarted, the data stored in RAM is erased, and it needs to be reloaded from the storage devices when the computer is powered on again.
Other options:
- Central processing unit (CPU): The CPU is primarily responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It does not store data or information temporarily.
- Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects various components. It does not store data or information temporarily.
- Data bus: The data bus is a communication pathway that allows data to be transferred between different components of a computer. It does not store data or information temporarily.

Data Processing Functions of a Computer
The major data processing functions of a computer include gathering data, processing data into information, analyzing data or information, and storing the data or information. However, one of these functions is not considered a major data processing function. Let's analyze each function to determine which one does not fit:
A: Gathering data
- This function involves collecting raw data from various sources such as sensors, input devices, or databases.
B: Processing data into information
- This function involves manipulating and transforming raw data into meaningful information by performing calculations, sorting, filtering, and formatting.
C: Analyzing data or information
- This function involves examining the processed data or information to discover patterns, trends, relationships, or insights.
D: Storing the data or information
- This function involves saving the processed data or information in a storage medium, such as a hard drive, solid-state drive, or cloud storage.
Answer: C. Analyzing data or information
Explanation: Analyzing data or information is not considered a major data processing function of a computer. While analyzing data is an important task, it is typically performed by humans or specialized software programs rather than being a core function of the computer itself. The computer's primary role is to efficiently gather, process, and store data, enabling humans or software programs to analyze the information later.

Operating System that helped to put Microsoft on the computing map of the world:

Microsoft, one of the leading technology companies today, owes much of its initial success and rise to prominence to the development and widespread adoption of a specific operating system. The operating system that played a pivotal role in putting Microsoft on the computing map of the world is none other than DOS (Disk Operating System).

Explanation:


1. Introduction to DOS:
- DOS, developed by Microsoft, was an operating system that became widely popular in the early days of personal computers.
- It was a command-line interface operating system that provided a platform for running software applications and managing computer hardware.
2. MS-DOS and Microsoft:
- Microsoft's version of DOS, known as MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), was released in 1981.
- MS-DOS was designed to run on IBM PC-compatible computers, which were rapidly gaining popularity in the business and consumer markets.
- The partnership between Microsoft and IBM, where IBM chose MS-DOS as the operating system for their PCs, significantly boosted Microsoft's visibility and market presence.
3. Success and Market Dominance:
- MS-DOS quickly gained traction in the market and became the de facto operating system for IBM PC clones.
- The widespread adoption of MS-DOS led to a significant increase in demand for Microsoft's software products and helped establish the company as a major player in the technology industry.
- Microsoft's dominance in the operating system market laid the foundation for future successes, such as the development of Windows.
4. Impact on Microsoft's Growth:
- The success of MS-DOS provided Microsoft with a stable revenue stream and resources to invest in further research and development.
- It allowed Microsoft to expand its product portfolio and diversify into other areas, such as office productivity software with the introduction of Microsoft Office.
5. Legacy and Enduring Influence:
- Although MS-DOS itself eventually became obsolete with the rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and modern operating systems like Windows, its impact on Microsoft's growth and success remains significant.
- The lessons learned from MS-DOS laid the foundation for future operating systems developed by Microsoft, including Windows, which became the dominant operating system in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
In conclusion, the development and widespread adoption of DOS, specifically MS-DOS, played a crucial role in putting Microsoft on the computing map of the world. It provided Microsoft with the visibility, market dominance, and resources necessary for the company's subsequent growth and success.

Answer:
The first name of two co-founders of Apple Inc. is Steve.
Explanation:
- Co-founder refers to one of the individuals who were involved in the founding and establishment of a company.
- Apple Inc. is a well-known technology company that designs, manufactures, and sells consumer electronics, software, and online services.
- The two co-founders of Apple Inc. are Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
- Steve Jobs played a significant role in the development of Apple Inc., serving as the company's visionary and leading the development of iconic products such as the iPhone, iPod, and iPad.
- Steve Wozniak, commonly known as Woz, was responsible for designing the Apple I and Apple II computers, which were instrumental in the early success of Apple Inc.
- Both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were instrumental in the early years of Apple Inc. and played a crucial role in shaping the company's success.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: Binary.
Explanation:
Binary is the computer language that is made up of 0's and 1's. It is the most basic form of computer code and is used by computers to process and store information. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition of Binary:
Binary is a base-2 number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent numbers, letters, and other characters in a computer or digital system.
Characteristics of Binary Code:
- Each binary digit is called a bit, which can represent either a 0 or a 1.
- Binary code is a sequence of bits, where each bit represents a specific piece of information.
- Binary code is the fundamental language used by computers to perform operations and store data.
Why 0's and 1's?
- Computers are electronic devices that use electrical signals to represent and process information.
- The binary system is used because it is easy to implement in electronic circuits.
- The two distinct states, represented by 0 and 1, can be easily translated into different voltage levels (0V and 5V, for example) in electronic circuits.
Other Computer Languages:
While binary is the most basic computer code, there are other higher-level programming languages that have been developed to make it easier for humans to write and understand code. Some examples include:
- Fortran: A high-level programming language used for scientific and engineering calculations.
- Pascal: A high-level programming language designed for teaching programming concepts.
- Basic: A beginner-friendly programming language that was widely used in the early days of personal computers.
However, all these higher-level programming languages ultimately rely on binary code for the computer to execute the instructions.
Conclusion:
In summary, binary is the computer language that is made up of 0's and 1's. It is the basic code that computers understand and use to process and store information. While there are other programming languages available, binary is the foundation upon which all computer code is built.

Representing Letters, Numbers, and Special Characters in Binary Language:

When representing letters, numbers, and special characters in a binary language, we use a combination of eight bits. Each bit can represent two states, either 0 or 1, which are used to represent different combinations of letters, numbers, and special characters.

Explanation:

• Binary Language: Binary language is a system of representing data using only two digits, 0 and 1. It is the fundamental language understood by computers.


• Bits: Bits are the smallest unit of data in binary language. They can store a value of either 0 or 1.


• Combination of Bits: By combining multiple bits together, we can represent different values. In the case of representing letters, numbers, and special characters, we use a combination of eight bits.


• ASCII Encoding: The most commonly used encoding system for representing characters in binary is ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). ASCII assigns a unique binary code to each character and symbol.


• Eight Bits: Using eight bits allows us to represent a total of 256 different combinations (2^8). This is sufficient to represent all the characters, numbers, and special symbols used in the ASCII encoding system.


• Example: For example, the letter 'A' in ASCII is represented by the binary code 01000001. Each '0' or '1' in this code is a bit, and the combination of eight bits represents the letter 'A'.

Therefore, when representing letters, numbers, and special characters in a binary language, we use a combination of eight bits.

Platforms:
- PCs and Macintosh are based on different platforms.
- A platform refers to the underlying hardware and software that allows applications to run on a computer system.
- PCs commonly use the Windows platform, while Macintosh uses the macOS platform.
Technologies:
- The technologies used in PCs and Macintosh are different.
- PCs typically use x86 architecture and Intel or AMD processors.
- Macintosh computers use Apple's proprietary hardware, including their own processors like the M1 chip.
Operating Systems:
- PCs commonly run on Windows operating system, which is developed by Microsoft.
- Macintosh computers run on macOS, which is developed by Apple.
Software and Applications:
- PCs and Macintosh have different software and applications.
- PCs have a wide range of software options available, including Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Suite, and various games.
- Macintosh has its own suite of software, including iWork (Pages, Numbers, and Keynote), Final Cut Pro, and Logic Pro.
User Interface:
- PCs and Macintosh have different user interfaces.
- PCs have a taskbar and start menu, while Macintosh has a dock and menu bar.
- The arrangement of icons and menus is also different between the two platforms.
Compatibility:
- PCs and Macintosh have different levels of compatibility with certain devices and software.
- Some hardware and software may be specifically designed for one platform and may not work on the other.
In conclusion, the technologies used in commonly used PCs and the Apple Macintosh are based on different platforms, operating systems, user interfaces, and software applications. This results in differences in hardware, processors, and compatibility between the two systems.

Small, efficient, and economical PC-based servers have replaced Mainframe in several businesses.
There are several reasons why small, efficient, and economical PC-based servers have replaced mainframe computers in several businesses:
1. Cost - PC-based servers are generally more affordable compared to mainframe computers, which are known for their high costs in terms of hardware, software, and maintenance.
2. Space - PC-based servers take up less physical space compared to mainframe computers, which often require dedicated data centers or large server rooms.
3. Efficiency - PC-based servers are designed to be highly efficient, utilizing the latest technology advancements such as multi-core processors, solid-state drives, and energy-saving features. This allows businesses to achieve high performance and processing power without the need for large and complex mainframe systems.
4. Scalability - PC-based servers offer greater scalability options, allowing businesses to easily expand their server infrastructure as their needs grow. Mainframe systems, on the other hand, can be more difficult and costly to scale.
5. Flexibility - PC-based servers offer a wide range of operating systems and software options, providing businesses with the flexibility to choose the best solutions for their specific needs. Mainframe systems often have limited options and may require specialized knowledge and skills.
6. Reliability - PC-based servers have significantly improved in terms of reliability and uptime. With redundant components, failover mechanisms, and advanced monitoring tools, businesses can ensure high availability and minimize downtime.
Overall, the shift towards small, efficient, and economical PC-based servers in businesses is driven by the need for cost-effective, scalable, and flexible solutions that can meet the demands of modern computing requirements.

To identify the computers that perform complex scientific calculations, we need to consider the options given and choose the most suitable one.
Options:
A: Servers
B: Supercomputers
C: Laptops
D: PDA
Explanation:
Among the given options, the most appropriate answer is B: Supercomputers. Here's why:
1. Servers: While servers are powerful computers that handle network and data storage tasks, they are not specifically designed for complex scientific calculations. They primarily focus on facilitating communication and data management within a network.
2. Laptops: Laptops, although portable and versatile, are not typically capable of performing the high-level computations required for complex scientific calculations. They are designed for general computing tasks and are not optimized for scientific research purposes.
3. PDA: Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) are handheld devices that provide basic computing functionalities. They are not suitable for complex scientific calculations due to their limited processing power and capabilities.
4. Supercomputers: Supercomputers, on the other hand, are specifically designed to perform complex scientific calculations and simulations. They are built with a massive number of processors working together in parallel to solve intricate problems efficiently. Supercomputers are capable of handling large datasets and executing complex algorithms at incredibly high speeds, making them ideal for scientific research and calculations.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Supercomputers, as they are the computers that perform complex scientific calculations.

To determine which of the given options is not a first generation computer, we need to understand what constitutes a first generation computer. First generation computers are characterized by the following features:
1. Vacuum Tubes: First generation computers used vacuum tubes as their primary electronic component.
2. Large Size: These computers were large in size and occupied a significant amount of space.
3. High Power Consumption: First generation computers consumed a lot of power, often requiring their own dedicated power supply.
4. Limited Processing Power: These computers had limited processing power and were primarily used for calculations and data processing.
Now, let's analyze each option to identify the one that does not belong to the first generation:
A. ENIAC:
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers.
- It was fully functional by 1945 and used vacuum tubes as its primary electronic component.
- ENIAC meets all the characteristics of a first generation computer, so it is a first generation computer.
B. UNIVAC-1:
- UNIVAC-1 (Universal Automatic Computer-1) was the first commercially successful electronic digital computer.
- It was developed in the early 1950s and used vacuum tubes.
- UNIVAC-1 also meets all the characteristics of a first generation computer, so it is a first generation computer.
C. EDVAC:
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was another early electronic computer.
- It was developed in the mid-1940s and used vacuum tubes.
- EDVAC also meets all the characteristics of a first generation computer, so it is a first generation computer.
D. CDC:
- CDC (Control Data Corporation) is not a specific computer but a company that developed and manufactured computers.
- CDC produced computers in the second and third generations, such as the CDC 6600 and CDC 7600.
- These computers were not based on vacuum tubes and had more advanced technologies.
- CDC computers do not meet the characteristics of a first generation computer, so they are not first generation computers.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, the option that is not a first generation computer is D: CDC.

The correct answer is B: ERA 1101.
Explanation:
The first commercially produced computer launched in the 1950s was the ERA 1101. Here's a detailed explanation:
ERA 1101:
- The ERA 1101, also known as the Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting (ERMA) and the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I), was developed and manufactured by the Engineering Research Associates (ERA) company.
- It was designed to handle business applications, such as accounting and data processing.
- The ERA 1101 utilized vacuum tube technology and magnetic tape storage.
- It was the first computer to be mass-produced and sold commercially, marking a significant milestone in the history of computing.
- The ERA 1101 was used by various organizations, including the United States Census Bureau and the United States Air Force.
Other options:
Zues Z3:
- The Z3 was developed by Konrad Zuse in Germany during the 1940s.
- While it was a significant achievement in the field of computing, it was not commercially produced.
ENIAC:
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was developed during the 1940s and was one of the earliest general-purpose computers.
- However, it was not commercially produced and was primarily used for scientific and military purposes.
Harvard Mark I:
- The Harvard Mark I, also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, was developed in the 1940s at Harvard University.
- It was not commercially produced and was primarily used for scientific calculations.
In conclusion, the first commercially produced computer launched in the 1950s was the ERA 1101, making option B the correct answer.

The correct answer is A: UNIVAC-1101.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
- A: UNIVAC-1101: This was the first stored program computer in the US that was successfully installed at a distant site after being moved from its site of manufacture. It was used at the U.S Census Bureau in 1950.
- B: Sinclair VX80: This is not a correct option. The Sinclair VX80 was actually a personal computer released by Sinclair Research in the early 1980s.
- C: EDVAC: The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. However, it was not the first stored program computer used at the U.S Census Bureau in 1950.
- D: PDP 11: The PDP-11 is a series of minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1970s and 1980s. It was not the first stored program computer used at the U.S Census Bureau in 1950.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: UNIVAC-1101.

The Answer is B: Dwight D Eisenhower versus Adlai Stevenson

Explanation:

• UNIVAC: UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest commercial computers, developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.


• Prediction of US Presidential Election: In 1952, UNIVAC was used to predict the outcome of the US presidential election.


• Contested Candidates: The election was contested between Dwight D Eisenhower, the Republican candidate, and Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic candidate.


• Accuracy of Prediction: UNIVAC accurately predicted the outcome of the election by giving Eisenhower a landslide victory over Stevenson.


• Significance: This was the first time a computer was used to predict the outcome of an election, showcasing the potential of computers in analyzing and processing data.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: Dwight D Eisenhower versus Adlai Stevenson.

Answer:
The computer game created by Steve Russell, Martin Graetz, and Wayne Wiitanen is SpaceWar!
Explanation:
- SpaceWar! is a space combat video game that was developed in 1962 by Steve Russell, Martin Graetz, and Wayne Wiitanen at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
- The game was inspired by science fiction stories and allowed players to control spaceships and engage in battles in the vacuum of space.
- SpaceWar! was one of the earliest digital computer games and was created for the PDP-1, a minicomputer developed by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- The game featured two spaceships, each controlled by a player, and the objective was to destroy the opponent's spaceship while navigating the gravitational forces of a central star.
- SpaceWar! was an influential game that paved the way for future space combat games and had a significant impact on the development of the video game industry.
- It showcased the potential of video games as a form of entertainment and demonstrated the capabilities of early computer systems.
- SpaceWar! is considered a classic and is recognized as one of the first examples of interactive entertainment software.
- It has been widely emulated and its influence can be seen in many subsequent space-themed games.
- Steve Russell, Martin Graetz, and Wayne Wiitanen are credited with creating SpaceWar! and their work has left a lasting legacy in the history of computer gaming.

Development of the BASIC Programming Language

The BASIC programming language was developed in 1964 by two professors of Dartmouth College. Here are the key points about the development of BASIC:

• Background: In the early 1960s, computer programming was primarily done using complex machine languages and assembly languages, which were difficult for non-specialists to learn and use.


• Professors: John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz, both professors at Dartmouth College, recognized the need for a more accessible programming language.


• Goals: Kemeny and Kurtz aimed to develop a programming language that would be easy to learn and use, allowing students and non-specialists to write computer programs.


• BASIC: In 1964, they created the Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language, which was an interpreted language designed for simplicity and ease of use.


• Features: BASIC had English-like keywords and a straightforward syntax, making it easier for beginners to understand and write programs. It also supported interactive programming, allowing users to get immediate feedback and modify their code on the fly.


• Impact: BASIC became widely adopted and played a significant role in the popularization of computer programming. It was used in educational institutions and personal computers, contributing to the democratization of computing.


• Evolution: Over the years, BASIC evolved and had various dialects and versions, each with its own features and improvements. It influenced the development of other programming languages and is still used today in certain contexts.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Dartmouth College.

Answer:
Introduction:
The first ARPANET email was sent in 1971. ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, was the precursor to the modern internet.
Detailed
- ARPANET was a network created by the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the late 1960s.
- The purpose of ARPANET was to connect computers at various research institutions and universities to facilitate communication and collaboration.
- The first ARPANET email was sent by Ray Tomlinson on October 29, 1971.
- Tomlinson was working at BBN Technologies, one of the companies involved in the development of ARPANET.
- The email was sent between two computers that were connected to ARPANET, which were located in different buildings at BBN Technologies.
- The message was a test message sent internally within the ARPANET system, and it consisted of a string of characters.
- This groundbreaking email exchange laid the foundation for the widespread use of electronic mail in the future.
- Email quickly became one of the most widely used applications on the internet and continues to be a primary method of communication to this day.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B: 1971.

Artificial Intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- AI involves the development of algorithms and models that enable computers and robots to think, learn, reason, and make decisions.
- The goal of AI is to replicate human-like intelligence in machines, allowing them to understand and interpret complex data, recognize patterns, and solve problems.
- AI systems are designed to mimic cognitive functions such as perception, speech recognition, natural language processing, and decision-making.
- AI technology is used in various applications, including search engines, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, and recommendation systems.
- AI can be classified into two categories: narrow AI and general AI. Narrow AI is designed to perform specific tasks, while general AI aims to have the same level of intelligence as a human across a wide range of tasks.
- Machine learning and deep learning are subfields of AI that focus on training machines to improve their performance through experience and data analysis.
- AI has the potential to revolutionize industries and improve efficiency, productivity, and decision-making processes.
- Ethical considerations and concerns about the impact of AI on employment, privacy, and security are also important topics of discussion in the field.