Test: Plant Morphology - ACT MCQ

Roots developing from plant parts other than radicle are adventitious roots because adventitious means coming from outside. That means they develop in places other than their natural position. They may arise from stems, leaves etc. Example: oak trees
So, the correct option is 'Adventitious'.

Radish is an example of fusiform tap root. The edible part of radish is a modified tap root. In a plant with a taproot system, the taproot is the central and dominant root. Typically, a taproot is straight and very thick. It is tapering in shape and grows directly downward. There are different types of modified tap roots like fusiform, napiform, conical, tuberous roots. Fusiform root is swollen at the middle and tapers gradually at both the ends forming a spindle shaped structure.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

The edible part of turnip is a modified tap root. Tap roots are modified into various structures called as modified tap root. These modified structures does food storage. The type of modified tap roots are fusiform, napiform, conical, tuberous, pneumatophores. The edible part of turnip is fusiform tap root, where the primary root of the system is swollen at the middle and tapers gradually at both the ends forming a spindle shaped structure. 

Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as common water hyacinth, is an aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin, and is often a highly problematic invasive species outside its native range.

Umbel is a type of of Racemose inflorescence in which the main axis is reduced and is shortened. All the flowers appear to arise from a single point.

Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea in the genus Brassica, which is in the family Brassicaceae.The cauliflower head is composed of a white inflorescence meristem. Cauliflower heads resemble those in broccoli, which differs in having flower buds as the edible portion.

• Prop roots are specialized adventitious roots that develop from the branches of a tree and grow downwards towards the ground.
• They are a unique feature of the banyan tree, which is a type of fig tree (Ficus species).
• Prop roots arise from the aerial branches of the banyan tree and eventually reach the ground, where they penetrate the soil and provide additional support to the tree.

• The function of the stem is to bear leaves and branches.
• It also helps in the conduction of water and minerals and also helps in the conduction of food storage.
• The chief functions of the stem are to support the leaves; to conduct water and minerals to the leaves, where they can be changed into usable products by photosynthesis; and to deliver these products from the leaves to other parts of the plant, containing the roots.

Leaves are appendages present in green plants.
They contain a pigment called chlorophyll which is necessary for photosynthesis. This photosynthetic reaction takes place in the leaves and results in the production of carbohydrates (food).
The lower surface of leaves has many small openings known as stomata. These pores help the  plant in the exchange of gasses with their surroundings.
Therefore it can be inferred that both the manufacture of food and exchange of gasses takes place through leaves.

A special case of plasticity is represented by heterophylly, the ability of semi-aquatic plants to produce different types of leaves below and above water. Submerged leaves are thin and lack both a cuticle and stomata, whereas aerial leaves are thicker, cutinized and bear stomata.

A cyathium (plural: cyathia) is one of the specialised pseudanthia ("false flowers") forming the inflorescence of plants in the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). A cyathium consists of: Five (rarely four) bracteoles. These are small, united bracts, which form a cup-like involucre.

 In the first option, catkin is a type of inflorescence but hypanthodium is depicting a part of a flower.
In the second option, raceme and cyathium both are types of inflorescence but are different.
In the fourth option, verticillaster is a mixed type of inflorescence and spike is separate type than it.
But correctly related are corymb and umbel, in these both are closely related type of inflorescence like both are a type of racemose inflorescence.
 

As the fruits dry, stresses develop within the awns, causing them to separate abruptly and flinging the seeds some distance away from the parent plant (explosive dispersal). Finally, we used the model to explore two fundamental tradeoffs in the Erodium-type dispersal mechanism.

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium.

• In the context of flowering plants, the term "mother axis" refers to the main axis or stem from which flowers arise.
• The floral organs, which include sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, are specialized structures that make up the flower.
• These floral organs arise from specific regions or nodes along the mother axis, which is also known as the floral axis.

Related to stamens whose filaments are united into a single tubelike group. The stamens of flowers of leguminous plants are often monadelphous.

A typical flower with superior ovary and other floral parts inferior is hypogynous. A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries, drupes, etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

The term "pappus" refers to a modification of the calyx, which is the outermost whorl of floral organs that typically protects the developing flower bud. The calyx is usually green and consists of sepals, which are often fused together.

Angiosperms have much smaller female reproductive parts, allowing them to produce seeds more quickly. Angiosperms have carpels that enclose developing seeds that may turn into a fruit. A great advantage for angiosperms is the production of endosperm.

The anther can be attached to the filament's connective in two ways. One is basifixed, in which an anther is attached from its base to the filament and another one is dorsifixed, in which anther is attached at its center to the filament. Also, an anther whose attachment is middle so that it can swing freely is called as versatile anther.

Adhesion:- 

It is the physical phenomena. In this phenomena molecules of different matter attract each other.

E.g. Forces between the water molecules and glass molecules.

Cruciform corolla is a type of polypetalous corolla in which the four free petals are equal and  arranged in the form of a cross. It is a regular corolla and is characteristics of the family Brassicaceae. Hence cruciform corolla is found in radish.

The axis or the internode that elongates between the corolla and androecium is called androphore. It is also called as gynandrophore. Anthophore is present between calyx and corolla. Gynophore is present between androecium and gynoecium.

The branch bearing flower is called as the mother axis. The side of the flower facing it is called as posterior side. Therefore, option B is correct.

Carcerulus and lomentum are schizocarpic fruits.
Lomentum is a simple, dry, schizocarpic fruit. The fruit is constricted or partitioned between seeds into a number of one-seeded compartments. The fruit breaks into one seeded indehiscent segments, e.g., Mimosa pudica, Acacia.
A carcerulus is a dry fruit that is a type of schizocarp. It consists of a number of one-seeded fragments (mericarps) that adhere to a central axis. 
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The typical fruit of the mustard family i.e. brassicaceae is called a silique. Flowers of the mustard family typically have four petals, four sepals and six stamens.
A silique is a type of fruit having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit it is referred to as a silicle.
 

Raphanus sativus (radish) is an annual or biennial plant in the mustard family. It is grown for its large succulent taproot which is edible.

Pome is a false fruit. A pome is an accessory fruit composed of one or more carpels surrounded by accessory tissue. The accessory tissue is interpreted by some specialists as an extension of the receptacle and is then referred to as fruit cortex and by others as a fused hypanthium or torus, it is the most edible part of this fruit.

A berry fruit is fleshy and multiseeded. Berry is a fleshy fruit produced from a single flower and containing one ovary. Grapes and bananas are two common examples. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels. The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as peppers, that have air rather than pulp around their seeds.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Water melon is a Pepo fruit. Berries are another type of fleshy fruit, they are simple fruit created from a single ovary. The ovary may be compound, with several carpels. Pepo are berries where the skin is hardened.

Thus, the correct answer is option C.