Connective Tissue (Only in NEET, Not NCERT) - NEET Free MCQ Test with solutions

The nucleus pulposus (NP) is a rounded region located within the center of the Intervertebral Disc. The NP is thickest from superior to inferior in the lumbar region, followed in thickness by the cervical region; it is the thinnest in the thoracic region.

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable. Ligaments can be found connecting most of the bones in the body. The function of a ligament is to provide a passive limit to amount of movement between your bones.

Explanation: A sprain is caused by the excessive pulling of ligaments, in which some fibers of the supporting ligaments are ruptured. This occurs when a joint is subjected to sudden force or impact, resulting in the stretching or tearing of ligaments that help to stabilize and support the joint. Key points:

• A sprain occurs when there is excessive pulling or stretching of ligaments.
• Ligaments are the fibrous tissues that connect bones to other bones and help to stabilize joints.
• Sprains are common in joints such as the ankle, knee, and wrist.
• The severity of a sprain can range from mild (a few torn fibers) to severe (complete rupture of the ligament).

In contrast, excessive pulling of tendons and muscles can lead to strains, which are injuries to the muscles or tendons that connect muscles to bones.

The correct answer is A: Ligament.Explanation:- Ligaments are connective tissues that consist mainly of yellow elastic fibers. They play an important role in binding bones together, providing stability and support to joints.- They are composed of collagen fibers, which provide strength and flexibility, and elastin fibers, which allow for elasticity and shock absorption.- Ligaments help to maintain the structural integrity of joints, prevent excessive movement or dislocation, and facilitate controlled movement between bones.On the other hand:- Tendons are also connective tissues, but they connect muscles to bones, allowing for the transfer of force and movement.- Reticular fibers are a type of fiber found in connective tissue, but they primarily form a supportive network within organs and tissues, rather than connecting bones together.

Topic in NCERT: Organ and organ system

Line in NCERT: "cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split up the work in a way that ensures the survival of the body as a whole and exhibit division of labour."

The statement "Hyaline cartilage is lacking fibers and is present in sternum, hyoid and ribs" is incorrect:

• Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that contains a considerable amount of collagen and is found in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea. It is the most common type of cartilage in the human body. 

Here are some other types of cartilage and where they are found in the body: 

• Fibrocartilage: Found in the intervertebral discs, joint capsules, and ligaments. It is a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue. 
• Elastic cartilage: Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and larynx. It is a resilient cartilage that provides flexibility and is resistant to pressure. 
• White fibrous cartilage: Occurs in the intervertebral discs. 

Explanation:Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body and is found in various locations. The correct answer is "b" because hyaline cartilage is found in:- Larynx: It forms the framework of the larynx and provides structural support.- Nasal septum: It provides support and shape to the nose.- Tracheal rings: It gives support and maintains the shape of the trachea for proper airflow.- Ribs: It is present at the costal cartilages that connect the ribs to the sternum, allowing flexibility and movement.Other locations where hyaline cartilage can be found include the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints and the growth plates of long bones.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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Osteoclasts are large cells which dissolve the bones. They come from bone marrow whereas Osteoblasts help in formation of bones. They make a small bone called 'osteoid' made by some proteins nd collagen.

Bone consist of living cells embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. This matrix consists of organic components, mainly type I collagen- organic referring to materials produced as a result of the human body and inorganic components, primarily hydroxyapatite and other salts of sodium and phosphate.

Protein Found in Cartilage:

The correct answer is B: Chondrin.

• Chondrin is a protein found in cartilage, which is a connective tissue present in various parts of the body, such as joints, ears, and nose.
• Cartilage is a flexible and strong tissue that provides support, cushioning, and protection to various structures in the body.
• Chondrin is an essential component of the extracellular matrix in cartilage, and it helps maintain the structural integrity and functioning of cartilage tissue.

Calcium phosphate predominates in the bone matrix.
Bone has 60% organic component of calcium phosphate while rest 40% inorganic component of bone is collagen fibre and a protein called ossein.

HCl is hydrochloric acid, strong acid. Bone is made of minerals, and the most prominent mineral is calcium. When a bone is dropped in the HCl medium, the calcium of bone slowly starts dissolve due to the action of the strong acid. HCl + Ca --> CaCl₂ + H₂. Afterward, the bone is depleted of calcium but it does not "melt" because there are other minerals that make up the bone such as potassium, vitamins, and collagen. Since calcium is the main mineral in the bone, the bone becomes brittle and more susceptible to breakage. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Volkmann’s canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum (a dense layer of vascular connective tissue) into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian canals (minute tubes which form a network in bone and contains blood vessels). The perforating canals provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons (cylindrical structures that contain mineral matrix and osteocytes which transport blood).

Answer: B. Volksman canalExplanation:- Mammalian bones have a unique structure that allows them to provide support and protection to the body.- Haversian canals are small, tube-like structures that run longitudinally through compact bone. They contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that help to nourish and maintain the bone tissue.- These Haversian canals are interconnected by transverse canals known as Volksman canals.- Volksman canals are perpendicular to the Haversian canals and are essential for connecting the blood supply and nerve network within the bone tissue.- In summary, the interconnected network of Haversian canals and Volksman canals ensures proper nourishment, waste removal, and communication within the bone tissue, contributing to the overall health and function of mammalian bones.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

Line in NCERT: "canaliculi"

Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply.

Answer: B. Elastic Cartilage

The mammalian pinna, also known as the external ear or auricle, is supported by elastic cartilage. Here are the reasons why:

• Elastic cartilage: This type of cartilage is flexible and resilient, allowing the pinna to maintain its shape while also being able to bend and move without damage. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers, which provide the necessary flexibility for the pinna to perform its functions.
• Hyaline cartilage: While hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body, it is not found in the pinna. Hyaline cartilage is found in areas such as the nose, trachea, and articular surfaces of joints, but it is not as flexible as elastic cartilage and would not provide the necessary support for the pinna.
• Calcified cartilage: Calcified cartilage is a type of cartilage that has become hardened due to the deposition of calcium salts within its matrix. This type of cartilage is found in areas such as the growth plates of bones, but it would be too rigid to support the flexible structure of the pinna.
• White fibrous connective tissue: This type of tissue is composed mainly of collagen fibers, providing strength and support to various structures within the body. However, it is not the primary supportive tissue in the pinna, as it does not have the same level of flexibility as elastic cartilage.

In summary, the mammalian pinna is supported by elastic cartilage, which provides the flexibility and resilience necessary for the pinna's functions in hearing and sound localization.

Explanation:A: Increase in RBC count is polycythemia- This statement is correct because polycythemia refers to an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, which can lead to increased blood viscosity and the possibility of blood clots.B: Decrease in leucocyte count is called as leucopenia- This statement is also correct. Leucopenia refers to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leucocytes) in the blood, which can make a person more susceptible to infections.C: Decrease in Thrombocyte count is called as Thrombocytopenia- This statement is correct as well. Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which can lead to issues with blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding.D: Purpura a group of bleeding disorders is due to increase in platelet count- This statement is incorrect. Purpura is a group of bleeding disorders characterized by the appearance of purple or red spots on the skin due to bleeding underneath the skin. However, purpura is not caused by an increase in platelet count; rather, it is usually caused by a decrease in platelet count (thrombocytopenia), issues with blood clotting factors, or damage to blood vessels.

Topic in NCERT: Anatomy

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The anticoagulants K3EDTA, potassium oxalate or sodium heparin to prevent the blood from clotting. The citrate or citric acid buffer reduces the pH value in the sample immediately after blood collection leading to an instant stabilization of glucose.

Erythropoiesis is the process of formation of erythrocytes. It occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early foetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver. After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. 

Anaemia is defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells or the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. There are three main types of anaemia - due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and due to increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding among others. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow among others. Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria and some autoimmune diseases among others. Folate-deficiency anaemia is a decrease in red blood cells due to a lack of folate. Folate is a type of B vitamin.

Answer: A. PolycythemiaExplanation:

Polycythemia is an abnormal increase in red blood cell (RBC) count, which can occur during exercise and at high altitudes. This increase in RBC count is the body's way of adapting to the increased oxygen demand during these situations.

• Exercise: During physical activity, the body's demand for oxygen increases. To meet this demand, the body produces more red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs. This temporary increase in RBC count helps enhance the delivery of oxygen to the body's working muscles, allowing them to function more efficiently.


• High Altitude: At higher altitudes, the air pressure is lower, resulting in a reduced oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. To compensate for this decreased oxygen availability, the body increases the production of red blood cells. This allows for greater oxygen-carrying capacity and helps the body to function more effectively in low-oxygen environments.

In contrast to polycythemia, thrombosis (B) is the formation of blood clots, leukemia (C) is a type of blood cancer affecting white blood cells, and angina pectoris (D) is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Citrate is essentially a regional extracorporeal anticoagulant, with a short systemic half-life of around 5 min, metabolized predominantly by mitochondria in the liver, skeletal muscle and the kidney. Hirudin is the anticoagulant component of the saliva of medicinal leech and inhibits thrombin by formation of irreversible complexes through binding of its active site.
Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues.