Test: Plant Diversity - 2 - Class 11 MCQ

The Gnetophyta are a small group of vascular seed plants belonging to the phylum Gnetophyta.
The Gnetophyta include only three genera, Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia, each of which belongs to a separate family, in a single order, called as the Gnetales. 

The gnetophytes have a number of features in common with the flowering plants (phylum Anthophyta, the angiosperms), which shows that Gnetales are more advanced in gymnosperms.

Answer:
The father of the forest refers to the tree species that is considered the largest or most iconic in a particular region or ecosystem. Among the given options, the correct answer is C: Sequoia. Here is a detailed explanation:
Sequoia:
- Sequoia is known as the father of the forest because it includes the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which are the largest trees in the world by volume and height, respectively.
- Sequoias are found in specific regions like the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, USA.
- The giant sequoia is known for its enormous size, with some trees reaching over 300 feet in height and having a trunk diameter of more than 30 feet. They can live for thousands of years.
- The coast redwood is known for its incredible height, with some trees reaching heights of over 350 feet.
- These trees are considered icons of the forest due to their impressive size, longevity, and ecological importance.
- They provide habitat for numerous species, store large amounts of carbon, and contribute to the overall health and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem.
Other Options:
- Pinus: While pine trees are common in many forests, they are not specifically referred to as the father of the forest.
- Banyan: Banyan trees are known for their aerial roots and expansive canopies, but they are not considered the father of the forest.
- Cedrus: Cedrus refers to the cedar tree species, which are known for their aromatic wood, but they are not typically referred to as the father of the forest.
Therefore, among the given options, Sequoia is the correct answer as it includes the iconic giant sequoias and coast redwoods, which are often considered the father of the forest due to their impressive size and ecological significance.

Zoodiogamy takes place in:
- Lower Gymnosperms
Explanation:
- Zoodiogamy refers to the transfer of male gametes (sperm) to the female gametes (eggs) with the help of animals.
- In the plant kingdom, zoodiogamy is found in certain groups of plants.
- Gymnosperms are a group of plants that produce naked seeds, without fruits or flowers.
- Zoodiogamy is specifically observed in lower gymnosperms, which include some of the earliest and more primitive gymnosperm groups.
- Lower gymnosperms include plants like cycads and Ginkgo biloba.
- These plants rely on animals, usually insects or wind, to transfer pollen from male cones to female cones, facilitating the fertilization process.
- The transfer of pollen by animals ensures efficient pollination and increases the chances of successful reproduction in these plants.
- Higher gymnosperms, such as conifers, have different mechanisms of pollination and do not rely on zoodiogamy.
- Angiosperms, which are flowering plants, have their own distinct methods of pollination and do not exhibit zoodiogamy.
Therefore, zoodiogamy takes place in lower gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms are a group of plants that have naked seeds, meaning their seeds are not enclosed in a protective fruit. They are a diverse group of plants that includes conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Gymnosperms have several characteristics that distinguish them from other plants.
Heterosporous - All gymnosperms are heterosporous, meaning they produce two different types of spores: microspores and megaspores. Microspores develop into male gametophytes, which produce sperm, while megaspores develop into female gametophytes, which produce eggs. This is different from homosporous plants, which produce only one type of spore that can develop into both male and female gametophytes.
Arborescent - Gymnosperms are generally arborescent, meaning they are tree-like in form. They have a woody stem and can reach large sizes. This is in contrast to herbaceous plants, which have a non-woody stem and are generally smaller in size.
Seed plants - Gymnosperms are seed plants, meaning they reproduce by producing seeds. The seeds are not enclosed in a fruit and are often exposed on the surface of cones or other structures. This is different from non-seed plants, such as ferns and mosses, which reproduce by spores.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: All the above. All gymnosperms are heterosporous, arborescent, and seed plants.

Gymnosperm plants lack:
- Vessels: Gymnosperms do not have vessels in their xylem tissue. Vessels are specialized cells found in angiosperms that allow for efficient water transport. Gymnosperms have tracheids, which are elongated cells that facilitate water movement.
- Fruits: Gymnosperms do not produce fruits. Fruits are the mature ovaries of flowering plants (angiosperms) that contain seeds. Gymnosperms, on the other hand, produce seeds that are typically exposed on the surface of cones or scales.
- Companion cells: Gymnosperms lack companion cells, which are specialized cells found in the phloem tissue of angiosperms. Companion cells are involved in loading and unloading sugars into the sieve tubes of the phloem.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: All the above, as gymnosperm plants lack vessels, fruits, and companion cells.

Explanation:
Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, and ginkgo. Unlike angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms do not produce fruits. This is because they do not have an ovary, which is the part of the flower that develops into a fruit after fertilization.
Here is a detailed explanation of why gymnosperms do not produce fruits:
1. Gymnosperm reproduction: Gymnosperms reproduce through the production of seeds. These seeds are not enclosed within a protective fruit like in angiosperms. Instead, they are exposed or borne on the surface of specialized structures such as cones or scales.
2. Lack of ovaries: Gymnosperms do not have ovaries, which are present in angiosperms. The ovary is the part of the flower that contains the ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization. Since gymnosperms lack ovaries, they do not have the potential to develop fruits.
3. Naked seeds: Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed within a protective fruit. Instead, the seeds are usually exposed on the surface of cones or scales. This adaptation allows gymnosperms to disperse their seeds through wind or other means without the need for animals to eat the fruits and spread the seeds.
4. Pollination and fertilization: Gymnosperms undergo pollination and fertilization processes similar to angiosperms. However, the fertilization process in gymnosperms does not lead to the development of fruits. After pollination, the male gametes (sperm) from the pollen tube fertilize the female gametes (eggs) within the ovule, resulting in the formation of a zygote. The zygote then develops into an embryo, which eventually becomes a seed.
In conclusion, gymnosperms do not produce fruits because they lack ovaries, which are necessary for the development of fruits in angiosperms. Instead, gymnosperms produce exposed seeds on cones or scales.

Perisperm is the surviving nucellus in the seed.
Perisperm refers to the nutritive tissue that surrounds and protects the embryo in the seed. It is derived from the nucellus, which is the central part of the ovule. Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is option B:
Surviving nucellus in the seed:
- The nucellus is the central part of the ovule, which is the structure that eventually develops into a seed after fertilization.
- In some seeds, the nucellus persists and becomes the perisperm, which serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo.
- The perisperm is located outside the embryo and is often surrounded by the endosperm, another nutritive tissue in the seed.
Outgrowth of the outer integument:
- The outer integument is one of the layers of the ovule that encloses the nucellus.
- It does not develop into the perisperm. Instead, it contributes to the formation of the seed coat, which provides protection to the embryo and endosperm.
Outgrowth of funicles:
- The funicles are the stalk-like structures that connect the ovule to the ovary wall.
- They are not involved in the formation of perisperm. Instead, they play a role in the transport of nutrients and water to the ovule during its development.
All of these:
- While the outer integument and the funicles are involved in the development of the seed, they are not directly responsible for the formation of perisperm.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option B, which states that perisperm is the surviving nucellus in the seed.
In conclusion, perisperm is derived from the nucellus and serves as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo in the seed. It is not an outgrowth of the outer integument or the funicles.

Cones in Gymnosperm plants:
The correct answer is B: Unisexual.
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Cones:
- Gymnosperm plants, such as conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes, produce reproductive structures called cones.
- Cones are specialized structures that contain the reproductive organs of the plants.
2. Unisexual Cones:
- Gymnosperm plants have unisexual cones, which means that the cones are either male or female.
- Male cones produce pollen, which contains the male gametes (sperm).
- Female cones produce ovules, which contain the female gametes (eggs).
3. Male Cones:
- Male cones are typically smaller in size and produce pollen.
- The pollen is released into the air and can be transported by wind or insects to reach the female cones for fertilization.
4. Female Cones:
- Female cones are usually larger and produce ovules.
- The ovules are fertilized by the pollen and develop into seeds.
5. Bisexual Cones:
- Gymnosperm plants do not have bisexual cones.
- Bisexual cones are found in angiosperms (flowering plants), where both male and female reproductive organs are present in the same flower.
In conclusion, cones in gymnosperm plants are unisexual, with separate male and female cones.

Double fertilization and triple fusion in Angiosperms:
- Double fertilization is a unique reproductive process that occurs in Angiosperms (flowering plants). It involves the fusion of two sperm cells with two different female gametes.
- Triple fusion occurs during double fertilization and involves the fusion of one sperm cell with the egg cell to form the zygote, and the fusion of the other sperm cell with the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.
- These processes are characteristic features of Angiosperms and are not found in other plant groups such as Spermatophyta, Gymnosperms, or Pteridophyta.
- Spermatophyta is a broad term that includes both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, but only Angiosperms exhibit double fertilization and triple fusion.
- Gymnosperms, which include plants like conifers, do not undergo double fertilization or triple fusion. Instead, they have a different mode of fertilization where the male gametes are delivered to the female gametophyte through pollen tubes.
- Pteridophyta, which includes ferns, also does not exhibit double fertilization or triple fusion. Ferns have a different reproductive strategy involving the production of spores and the fusion of gametes during fertilization.

Angiosperms are flowering plants. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants. They are seedless plants. The main feature which is common to both of them is the presence of tracheids. Tracheids are vessel elements in plants. They help in the movement of water and minerals across the plants. 

So, option C " Presence of tracheids" is the correct option.

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Ovary wall is absent.
Gymnosperms are a group of plants that produce naked seeds, meaning that the seeds are not enclosed within a protective fruit like in angiosperms (flowering plants). In gymnosperms, the ovules are directly exposed and not enclosed within an ovary.
Here is a detailed explanation of why ovules are naked in gymnosperms:
1. Gymnosperms do not have an ovary: Unlike angiosperms, which have a well-developed ovary that surrounds and protects the ovules, gymnosperms lack an ovary structure.
2. Integuments are present: Although the statement in option B suggests that integuments are absent, this is incorrect. Gymnosperms do have integuments, which are protective coverings that surround the nucellus (the central part of the ovule). However, the integuments do not form a complete enclosure around the ovule.
3. Perianth is absent: Perianth refers to the outermost parts of a flower, including the sepals and petals. Gymnosperms typically do not have showy, colorful flowers with distinct sepals and petals, so perianth is absent.
4. Nucellus is present: The nucellus is the central part of the ovule that contains the female gametophyte. In gymnosperms, the nucellus is present within the ovule, but it is not surrounded by an ovary.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Ovary wall is absent. Gymnosperms have naked ovules because they lack an ovary structure to enclose and protect the ovules.

In angiosperms, the ovules are enclosed in an ovary, which develops into the fruit after fertilization.
Gymnosperms (gymno-naked, sperm-seed) does not have seeds enclosed in an ovary.

The spermatophyta comprises of all those land plants that produce flowers and seed. In angiosperms, and other seed plants, gametophytes are not independent seed plants, instead they are small structures found embedded within the sporophyte.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Archegonia are multicellular organs found during the gametophytic phase of the plants and contains ovum. With a  long neck canal or venter and a swollen base these are either found on the surface of the plant or are embedded. However, in case of Angiosperms, there is no archegonia and the megagametophyte is reduced to just a few cells, one of which differentiates into the egg cell are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the megasporophyll or carpel.

Explanation:

Antheridia and archegonia are absent in Angiosperms (D).

Here is a detailed explanation of why antheridia and archegonia are absent in Angiosperms:

Bryophyta (A):

• Bryophyta, which includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, have both antheridia and archegonia.


• They are the reproductive structures responsible for the production of sperm and egg cells respectively.

Pteridophyta (B):

• Pteridophyta, which includes ferns, also have both antheridia and archegonia.


• These structures are present in the gametophyte generation of ferns.

Gymnosperms (C):

• Gymnosperms, which include conifers, cycads, and ginkgo, have both antheridia and archegonia.


• They are found in the female and male cones of gymnosperms.

Angiosperms (D):

• Angiosperms, which are flowering plants, do not have antheridia and archegonia.


• Instead, they have specialized structures called stamens and pistils for their reproductive processes.


• The stamens produce pollen grains, which contain the male gametes, while the pistils contain the female reproductive organs.


• The pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of the pistil, leading to fertilization and the development of seeds.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Angiosperms.

Pteridophyta:
- Ovules are absent in Pteridophyta, which is a group of vascular plants that includes ferns and their allies.
- Pteridophytes reproduce through spores, not seeds, so they do not have ovules.
- Instead of ovules, Pteridophyta have structures called sporangia, which produce spores.
Gymnosperm:
- Gymnosperms, which include conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes, do have ovules.
- However, gymnosperm ovules are not enclosed in an ovary like in angiosperms.
- Gymnosperm ovules are exposed on the surface of specialized leaves called scales or cones.
Angiosperm:
- Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, have ovules.
- Ovules are enclosed in an ovary, which is part of the flower.
- The ovules develop into seeds after fertilization.
Venter:
- The term "venter" typically refers to the lower part of the female reproductive system in animals, including humans.
- It is not a specific plant group or structure, so it does not apply to the question.
Conclusion:
- The correct answer is A: Pteridophyta, as ovules are absent in this group of plants.
- Gymnosperms and angiosperms both have ovules, although their structures and locations differ.
- The term "venter" does not apply to plant reproduction.

Ephedrine is obtained by Ephedra
Ephedrine is a natural alkaloid compound that can be obtained from certain plants. In this case, it is obtained from the plant Ephedra. Here is a detailed explanation of how Ephedrine is obtained from Ephedra:
1. Ephedra Plant:
- Ephedra is a genus of plants that belongs to the family Ephedraceae.
- It is a small shrub-like plant that is native to arid regions of Central Asia and North America.
- There are several species of Ephedra, but the most commonly used for the production of Ephedrine is Ephedra sinica.
2. Ephedrine Extraction:
- Ephedrine is extracted from the stems of the Ephedra plant.
- The stems are harvested and dried.
- The dried stems are then crushed or ground into a fine powder.
3. Chemical Extraction:
- The powdered stems are subjected to a chemical extraction process.
- One common method involves using a solvent, such as ethanol or methanol, to extract the alkaloids from the plant material.
- The solvent is added to the powdered stems and allowed to sit for a period of time, allowing the alkaloids to dissolve into the solvent.
- The mixture is then filtered to remove any solid plant material, leaving behind a solution containing the extracted alkaloids.
4. Purification:
- The extracted solution is further purified to isolate Ephedrine.
- This can involve additional chemical processes, such as acid-base extractions or chromatography techniques.
- These processes separate and isolate Ephedrine from other compounds present in the extract.
5. Conversion to Ephedrine Hydrochloride:
- The purified Ephedrine is often converted to its hydrochloride salt form, known as Ephedrine Hydrochloride.
- This is a more stable and water-soluble form of Ephedrine that is commonly used in pharmaceutical preparations.
In conclusion, Ephedrine is obtained by extracting it from the stems of the Ephedra plant. The extracted Ephedrine is then purified and may be converted to its hydrochloride salt form for use in various applications.

The male and female gametophyte structures are present on separate male and female cones in gymnosperms, whereas in angiosperms, they are a part of the flower. Finally, wind plays an important role in pollination in gymnosperms because pollen is blown by the wind to land on the female cones.

Resin turpentine is obtained from:
- Pinus: Resin turpentine is primarily obtained from various species of the Pinus genus, commonly known as pine trees. Pine trees produce resin in special ducts within their bark as a defense mechanism against insects and pathogens. This resin can be tapped and distilled to obtain turpentine.
- Adiantum: Adiantum, commonly known as maidenhair fern, does not produce resin turpentine. It is a delicate fern species often used for ornamental purposes.
- Club mosses: Club mosses, also known as Lycopodium, do not produce resin turpentine. They are small, herbaceous plants that reproduce by spores.
- Sequoia: Sequoia trees, such as the giant sequoia and coast redwood, do not produce resin turpentine. They do produce resin, but it is not used in the production of turpentine.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Pinus.

Answer:
The largest group in gymnosperms is Coniferales.
Explanation:
Gymnosperms are a group of seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits. They are divided into four main groups: Cycadales, Gnetales, Coniferales, and Cordaitales. Among these groups, Coniferales is the largest. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Cycadales: This group includes plants commonly known as cycads. Cycads are palm-like plants with large compound leaves. They are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions. Cycadales include around 350 species.
- Gnetales: The Gnetales group consists of three extant genera: Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra. These plants have characteristics that resemble both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gnetales include approximately 70 species.
- Coniferales: Coniferales, also known as conifers, are the largest group of gymnosperms. They are characterized by the presence of cones and needle-like or scale-like leaves. Conifers include well-known trees such as pines, spruces, firs, and cedars. There are approximately 630 species of conifers.
- Cordaitales: Cordaitales are an extinct group of gymnosperms that were once widespread during the Paleozoic era. They were tall trees with strap-like leaves. Cordaitales became extinct around 250 million years ago.
Therefore, the largest group in gymnosperms is Coniferales, which includes a wide variety of coniferous trees.

They include both the seed plants—angiosperms and gymnosperms, the dominant plants on Earth today—and plants that reproduce by spores—the ferns and other so-called lower vascular plants. The pteridophytes represent the oldest of land plants.

Gnetales has vessels in the xylem.
The possession of vessels is characteristic of the flowering plants (angiosperm).
The leaves of Gnetales resemble those of the angiosperms (the flowering plants) in form, structure, and venation.
A series of studies of fertilization in Gnetales , considered to be close relatives to the angiosperms, has shown that a primitive form of double fertilization occurs in this 
clade.

Living fossils

Definition: Living fossils are species that have remained relatively unchanged over millions of years and have survived major extinction events.

Examples of living fossils:

• Cycas: Cycas is a genus of palm-like plants that has existed for over 200 million years. They have a characteristic cone-like structure and are often referred to as "living fossils" due to their ancient lineage.


• Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba is a unique species of tree that has remained virtually unchanged for over 270 million years. It is often called a living fossil because it is the only surviving member of the Ginkgoales order.


• Psilotum: Psilotum is a genus of primitive fern-like plants that have existed for over 400 million years. They have simple, unbranched stems and lack true leaves, making them an interesting example of a living fossil.

Answer: The correct answer is D - All the above. Cycas, Ginkgo, and Psilotum are all examples of living fossils.

Living fossils have fascinated scientists as they provide important insights into the evolutionary history and adaptability of organisms. These ancient species serve as a link between the past and the present, providing a glimpse into the diverse life forms that have inhabited the Earth throughout its history.

It is important to note that while these species have remained relatively unchanged morphologically, they may have undergone genetic and physiological adaptations to survive in their changing environments over millions of years.

Answer:
Introduction:
The term "Heterosprous-Archegoniatae" refers to a group of plants that have distinct male and female reproductive structures. These plants are commonly known as "heterosporous archegoniates" and include ferns, gymnosperms, and some extinct plant groups.
Explanation:
The correct answer for the given question is B: Gymnosperms. Here's why:
- Ferns (Option A) are not heterosporous archegoniates. Ferns are homosporous, meaning they produce only one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophytes.
- Gymnosperms (Option B) are heterosporous archegoniates. Gymnosperms include plants like conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes. They produce separate male and female cones or reproductive structures that contain different types of spores.
- Angiosperms (Option C) are not heterosporous archegoniates. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, produce flowers that contain both male and female reproductive structures. They are not heterosporous because they do not produce separate male and female spores.
- Option D states that the correct answer is (1) Ferns and (2) Gymnosperms. This is incorrect because ferns are not heterosporous archegoniates.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Gymnosperms.

Double fertilization takes place in angiosperms.
Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are the only group of plants in which double fertilization occurs. Double fertilization involves the fusion of two male gametes with two female gametes, resulting in the formation of both a zygote and endosperm. Here is a detailed explanation of double fertilization in angiosperms:
1. Background information:
- Angiosperms are a diverse group of plants that produce flowers and fruits.
- They are the most advanced and dominant group of plants on Earth.
2. The process of double fertilization:
- Double fertilization occurs within the ovule, which is located within the flower's ovary.
- The ovule contains the female gametophyte, which consists of the egg cell and two synergids (supporting cells).
- The male gametophyte, or pollen grain, is transferred to the flower's stigma through pollination.
- The pollen grain germinates on the stigma and forms a pollen tube, which grows down through the style towards the ovary.
- The pollen tube enters the ovule through a small opening called the micropyle.
- Within the ovule, the pollen tube releases two sperm cells.
3. Fusion of male and female gametes:
- One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
- The zygote develops into an embryo, which will eventually grow into a new plant.
- This is similar to the process of fertilization in other plants and animals.
4. Formation of endosperm:
- The other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei within the female gametophyte.
- This triple fusion results in the formation of a triploid cell called the endosperm.
- The endosperm serves as a nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo.
- In many angiosperms, the endosperm is the main source of nutrition in seeds.
5. Significance of double fertilization:
- Double fertilization ensures that the resources provided to the developing embryo are sufficient for its growth and development.
- It also allows angiosperms to produce seeds with a protective coating (fruit), which aids in seed dispersal and increases the chances of successful reproduction.
In conclusion, double fertilization is a unique reproductive mechanism found only in angiosperms. It involves the fusion of two male gametes with two female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote and endosperm. This process ensures successful reproduction and the production of seeds with a protective fruit covering.

To determine which group Sequoia belongs to, we need to analyze the given options and identify the correct classification.
Step 1: Understand the given options:
The options provided are Cycadofillicales, Gnetales, Coniferales, and Dicots.
Step 2: Analyze the characteristics of Sequoia:
Sequoia is a type of tree that is well-known for its immense size and height. It is an evergreen tree with needle-like leaves and produces cones.
Step 3: Compare Sequoia's characteristics with the classification options:
- Cycadofillicales: This group includes extinct plants that are similar to cycads. Sequoia does not belong to this group as it is not extinct and does not share the characteristics of cycads.
- Gnetales: This group includes plants like Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia. Sequoia does not belong to this group as it is not closely related to these plants.
- Coniferales: This group includes conifers, which are characterized by their needle-like leaves and cone production. Sequoia belongs to this group as it shares these characteristics.
- Dicots: This group includes flowering plants with two cotyledons in their seeds. Sequoia does not belong to this group as it is a gymnosperm and does not produce flowers.
Step 4: Determine the correct answer:
Based on the analysis, it is concluded that Sequoia belongs to the group Coniferales, which is option C.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Coniferales.

The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that do not produce flowers. These include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetales. Though they are seed bearing their seeds are not enclosed in ovary they make up for about 700 species of woody plants with most of them being trees and some shrubs. A few gymnosperms however may lianas or climbers. However, there are no herbs in the group.

A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. One of the main characteristics of gymnosperms is that the group consists of plants that are perennial and woody.

One of the ginkgo's more interesting characteristics is that its sperm are motile (have flagellae), a trait found only in ginkgo and cycads among living seed plants. The pollen grains, which contain the sperm, are found in clusters attached to short shoots coming off the branches of the tree.

Cycas is an evergreen palm like plant. It belongs to order cycadales of gymnosperms. The plant body is sporophytic differentiated into root, stem and leaves; sexual reproduction is of oogamous type takes place by the fusion of distinct male and female gametes. The male and female gametes are formed by the germination of microspores and megaspores which are borne on microsporophylls and megasporophylls. Male gametes of Cycas are multiciliated, topshaped, equal and the largest in plant kingdom. It is spirally coiled in the anterior half with thousands of small cilia. Hence option C is correct.