GATE Computer Science Engineering(CSE) 2027 Test: Network Layer & Transport

Routing information protoco! uses distance vector protocol while open shortest path first is a link state routing.

Routing information protocol uses a distance vector protocol.

Brouter is a device, which is combination of functionality of bridge and router. So, it works till network layer and is able to bridge those protocol that are not routable.

Both router and destination host can send ICMP error-reporting message to inform the source host about any failure or error occurred in packet.

Routers can act as bridges we can use routers to bridge devices to our wireless network.

ICMP is error reporting protocol used when something unexpected occurs in routers, used to test connectivity while BOOTP is IP protocol network to automatically assigned an IP address to network devices from a configuration server.

Resilence is a probability of transport layer to terminate a connection due to internal problems.

Nagle's algo is used to prevent silly window syndrome created by a sender that send data at a very slow rate.

Message comes from application layer divide into segments at transport layer

Formula:
Window size (Go Back N) = 2ⁿ-1
Where n is bits needed
So, 15 = 2ⁿ-1
16 = 2ⁿ
So,   n = 4

Silly window syndrome problem can degrade TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but interactive application on the receiving side reads data T byte at a time.

Since sequence number of byte in any segment in TCP start from any number, so we cannot tell how many bytes successively received, on ACK number 1000.

In the question they have directly given the payload so 2100 will be divided into 1200 and 904 (900 is not a multiple of 8 so we have to pad 4 bits in order to make it a multiple of 8).
Now in second network payload is 400 B.
So 1200 bytes packet will be divided in 400,400, 400 with each having 20 B header, and 900 will be divided into 400,400 and 104 (4 bits padded) each having 20 B header.
So total overhead is 20 x 6 = 120 B.

Time exceeded; echo reply and multicasting ICMP messages needs to be encapsulated into if data gram to the sender side.

Border Gateway protocol (BGP) is the current exterior gateway routing protocol (EGP).