GATE Civil Engineering (CE) 2027 Test: Airport Engineering -2 Free Online

ICAO recommends that the basic runway length after having been corrected for elevation, should be increased at the rate of 1% for every 1°C rise of airport reference temperature above the standard atmospheric temperature at that elevation. Further FAA recommends gradient correction at the rate of 20% for every 1% of effective gradient. After elevation and temperature correction.
So correct order is elevation correction -temperature correction-gradient correction.

Outer and middle markers are small radio transmitters which serve as position reporting points.
Locaiiser antenna emits radio beam signal in vertical plane and indicates pilot whether be is left or right of the correct alignment Glide slope antenna indicates correct angle of descent.
Marker beacons are provided for determining the exact positions of the radio range stations and the location on a given course,

Type-ll wind rose diagram, indicates direction, duration and intensity of wind while.
Type-I gives only the direction and duration.

A₁ type of international airport indicates:
Minimum basic runway length = 2100 m
Pavement width = 45 m
Maximum longitudinal grade = 1.5%
Isolated wheel load = 45000 kg
Tyre pressure = 8.5 kg/cm²

There are three corrections applied to basic runway length:
(i) Temperature correction in which standard temperature at airport site can be determined by reducing the standard mean sea level temperature of 15°C at the rate of 6.5°C per thousand metre rise in elevation.
(ii) Gradient correction.
∴ Standard temperature at an altitude of 800 m is equal to, 

Apron is a paved area for parking of aircraft, loading and unloading of passengers and cargo. Hangar is provided for servicing, overhauling and repair of aircrafts.
Holding aprons are located where the aircrafts wait for their twin to take off and where they are finally checked before takeoff.