Test: Circulatory System - 1 - Class 10 MCQ

Fish have a single systemic circuit for blood, where the heart pumps the blood to the gills to be re-oxygenated (gill circulation), after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

Other animals, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, have a pulmonary circuit, where blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back, and a second, systemic circuit where blood is pumped to the body and back.

Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer. First, a cuff is placed around your arm and inflated with a pump until the circulation is cut off.

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Erythropoiesis is the process, which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells. In mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow.

The left and right sides of the heart are divided by walls called septums. There is an atrial septum that separates the right and left atriums, and a ventricular septum that separates the right and left ventricles.

Microcirculation and Macro Circulation
Microcirculation and macro circulation are two important components of the circulatory system. They play crucial roles in delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to various tissues and organs, as well as removing waste products.
Microcirculation:
- Microcirculation refers to the flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels in the body, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
- It occurs at the tissue level and is responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
- Key features of microcirculation include:
- Arterioles: These are small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow to capillaries.
- Capillaries: These are tiny, thin-walled vessels where oxygen and nutrient exchange occur.
- Venules: These are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and return it to larger veins.
Macro Circulation:
- Macro circulation refers to the flow of blood through larger blood vessels, including arteries and veins.
- It involves the movement of blood to and from the heart, supplying oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Key features of macro circulation include:
- Arteries: These are large, muscular blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
- Veins: These are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Heart: The heart acts as a pump that propels blood through the macro circulation.
Classification:
- Microcirculation and macro circulation are classified as two parts of the systematic circulation, which refers to the circulation of blood throughout the entire body.
- Systematic circulation involves both microcirculation (at the tissue level) and macro circulation (at the organ and systemic level).
- Other components of the circulatory system, such as the lymphatic system and pulmonary circulation, are separate but interconnected systems that work in conjunction with systematic circulation.
In conclusion, microcirculation and macro circulation are essential components of the circulatory system, with microcirculation occurring at the tissue level and macro circulation involving the movement of blood to and from the heart. They are classified as parts of the systematic circulation, which is responsible for delivering oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Your heartbeat is triggered by electrical impulses that travel down a special pathway through your heart: SA node (sinoatrial node) – known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node.

The average adult person at rest has 65 to 75 heartbeats per minute. One complete cardiac cycle takes about 0.8 seconds.

Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow called hemocytoblasts give rise to all of the formed elements in blood. If a hemocytoblast commits to becoming a cell called a proerythroblast, it will develop into a new red blood.

In the shark, the heart is only 2 chambered so a single circulation takes place through the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation and from their oxygenated blood is distributed to the body directly.

WBCs or white blood cells are nothing but the cells present in our blood which help in the defense mechanism. In case any disease causing pathogens enter in our body the WBCs help to kill it. Effectively, the sudden increase in number of WBCs in our blood stream is a sign of bacterial disease / infection.

Platelet aggregation and fibrin formation both require the Proteolytic enzyme thrombin. Clotting also requires :- Calcium ions  about a dozen other protein clotting factors. Vitamin K refers to a group of fact soluble vitamins that play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism and regulating blood calcium levels.

Our blood has a normal ph range of 7.35 to 7.45 . This means that blood is naturally slightly alkaline or basic. In comparison, your stomach acid has a pH of around  1.5 to 3.5 .