Spectrum Test: The First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907-1917)

• Shyamji Krishna Varma had started in London in 1905, an Indian home rule society. It was named as India house.

• He also started a scholarship scheme to bring radical Youth from India and a journal the Indian sociologist.

• 1902-First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti) 1906-Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06-Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism. 

• 1907-Attempt on a life of the former Lt. Governor of East Bengal and Assam. 1908--Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford. 

• Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. 1908-Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan. 1912--Bomb is thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar--newspapers advocating revolutionary activity. Jatin Das and Yugantar, the German Plot during World War I.

The spirit of independence sparked during the 1857 revolt was kept alive by individual revolutionaries across the nation. Vasudev Balavant Phadke started the revolutionary activity in India.

Hence, the correction option is C.

• Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal had organized a secret society covering far-flung areas of Punjab, Delhi and United Provinces. In contrast, some others like Hemachandra Kanungo went abroad for military and political training.

• In 1907, an abortive attempt was made by the Yugantar group on the life of a very unpopular British official, Sir Fuller (the first Lt. Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, although he had resigned from the post on August 20, 1906).

• The first of Maharashtra's revolutionary activities was the Ramos Peasant Force's organization by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in 1879, which aimed to rid the British's country by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting communication lines.

• It had to raise funds for its activities through dacoities.

• It was surprised prematurely.

• Savarkar and his brother organized Mitra Mela, a secret society, in 1899 which merged with Abhinav Bharat (after Mazzini's Young Italy') in 1904.

• Soon Nasik, Poona and Bombay emerged as centres of bomb manufacture. In 1909, A.M.T. Jackson, the Collector of Nasik, a well-known Indologist, was killed by Anant Lakshman Kanhere, a member of Abhinav Bharat.

• The Ghadr programme was to organize officials' assassinations to publish revolutionary and anti-imperialist Literature, work among Indian troops stationed abroad, procure arms, and bring about a simultaneous revolt in all British colonies.

• The moving spirits behind the Ghadr Party were Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand.

• The Ghadrites intended to bring about a revolt in India. Their plans were encouraged by two events in 1914the Komagata Maru incident and the First World War outbreak.

• Komagata Maru was the name of a ship carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver.

• Canadian authorities turned them back after two months of privation and uncertainty.

• It was generally believed that the British government influenced the Canadian authorities. The ship finally anchored at Calcutta in September 1914.

• The inmates refused to board the Punjabbound train. In the ensuing conflict with the police at Budge near Calcutta, 22 persons died.

• The Punjab extremism was fuelled by frequent famines coupled with a rise inland revenue and irrigation tax, the practice of 'begar' by zamindars, and Bengal events.

• Among those active here were Lala Lajpat Rai who brought out Punjabi (with its motto of self-help at any cost) and Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh's uncle) who organized the extremist Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata.

• Before Ajit Singh's group turned to extremism, it urges non-payment of revenue and water rates among Chenab colonists and Bari Doab peasants.

• In the end, revolutionary activity emerged as the most substantial legacy of swadeshi Bengal, which impacted educated youth for a generation or more. But, an overemphasis on Hindu religion kept the Muslims aloof. Moreover, it encouraged quixotic heroism.

• No involvement of the masses was envisaged, which, coupled with the narrow upper-caste social base of the movement in Bengal, severely limited the scope of the revolutionary activity. In the end, it failed to withstand the weight of State repression.