Test: Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution (Hard) - Class 9 MCQ

Bloody Sunday or Red Sunday is the name given to the events of Sunday, 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia: the events in St. Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is considered the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905.

Gorbachev brought perestroika to the Soviet Union's foreign economic sector with measures that Soviet economists considered bold at that time. His programme virtually eliminated the Ministry of Foreign Trade's monopoly on most trade operations.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or The Soviet Union, was formed in 1922 by The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR which legalized the unification of Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics that had occurred from 1918.

It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to constitutional reform (namely the "October Manifesto"), including establishing the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

Answer:
Background:
- Tsarina Alexandra refers to Alexandra Feodorovna, the wife of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
- She was born as Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine on June 6, 1872.
Origin of Tsarina Alexandra:
- Tsarina Alexandra was of German origin.
- She was born in Darmstadt, Germany, as the daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, and Princess Alice, a daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
- Her full name was Victoria Alix Helena Louise Beatrice, and she was known as Alix.
Marriage and Name Change:
- In 1894, Alix married Nicholas II, who later became the last Tsar of Russia.
- After her marriage, Alix converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Alexandra Feodorovna.
Life in Russia:
- As Tsarina, Alexandra played a significant role in the Russian monarchy.
- She had a strong influence on Nicholas II and was deeply involved in political matters, which earned her both support and criticism.
Tragic Fate:
- Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra, along with their children, were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, during the Russian Revolution.
- Their remains were discovered and buried in 1998, and they were canonized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.
Conclusion:
- Tsarina Alexandra, the wife of Tsar Nicholas II, was of German origin and was born as Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine.
- She played a significant role in the Russian monarchy and met a tragic fate during the Russian Revolution.

On July 26, 1914, Russian Emperor Nicolas II issued a manifesto announcing that in response to the Austria-Hungarian declaration of war against the Russian Empire, Russia would enter into war against Austria-Hungary.

The Imperial Russian Army (also known as 'Russian steamroller') was the armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917 when Tsar Nicholas II was ruling the country. It consisted of more than 900,000 regular soldiers and was the largest armed force during the First World War. The army also played an important role in the downfall of the Tsarist power.

The 1963 partial test ban treaty banned nuclear testing, including testing for peaceful purposes, in the atmosphere, underwater and in space... but not underground. The early 1960s also saw the only testing limitation effort that had concrete effects on how testing was conducted during the Cold War.

The women's suffrage movement was a decades-long fight to win women's right to vote in the United States. It took activists and reformers nearly 100 years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to cripple the movement more than once.

Liberals did not believe in the universal adult franchise.

Liberals opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government and a well-trained judiciary, but they felt that the men of property should have the vote, not every citizen.

Socialists were against the private property because they saw it as the root of all social ills. Individuals owned the property that gave employment, but the properties were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive.

Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an early industrialist. He is perhaps best known for his model textile factory and the village at New Lanark in Scotland. Conditions in early factories were extremely harsh, with very hazardous working conditions for all employees.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the vast majority of Russia's people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian empire's population earned their living from agriculture.

Prominent industrial areas in Russia were Petersburg and Moscow.

After the foundation of the Soviet Union the People's Commissariat of Railways (after 1946 named the Ministry of Railways ) expanded the railway network to 106,100 km by 1940.

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was a Russian political party. It was founded in 1898. The RSDLP program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to head the workers of Russia and to throw down the Tsar.

By the time of the Second World War outbreak, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

Karl Marx was a philosopher who favoured socialism. He believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society, where all the properties were socially controlled.

New Labour is a period in the history of the British Labour Party from the mid to late 1990s until 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown's leadership.