Diversity In Living Organisms - Class 9 Science (Compulsory Test) - Class 9 MCQ

Smallest Taxon:

• Class


• Order


• Species


• Genus

Explanation:
The smallest taxon is the species. Here's why:
- Species: A species is the smallest and most specific taxonomic rank. It is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Species are identified by their unique characteristics and are represented by a scientific name consisting of two parts: the genus name and the species name. For example, Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans.
- Genus: Above the species level, we have the genus, which is a broader category that includes closely related species. A genus can contain multiple species that share common characteristics. For example, the genus Panthera includes species like the lion, tiger, and leopard.
- Order: Above the genus level, we have the order, which is a taxonomic rank that groups similar families together. For example, the order Carnivora includes families like Felidae (cats), Canidae (dogs), and Ursidae (bears).
- Class: Above the order level, we have the class, which is a taxonomic rank that groups similar orders together. For example, the class Mammalia includes orders like Carnivora, Primates, and Rodentia.
Therefore, the smallest taxon is the species because it represents a specific group of organisms with similar characteristics and is more specific than the other taxonomic ranks.

The correct answer is C: Aerobe.
Aerobes are organisms that can live and grow in the presence of oxygen. They have evolved various mechanisms to utilize oxygen for their metabolism and energy production. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Definition of Aerobe:
- An aerobe is an organism that can survive and thrive in the presence of oxygen.
- Aerobes require oxygen for their metabolic processes, including respiration.
2. Oxygen utilization by Aerobes:
- Aerobes have developed specific enzymes and metabolic pathways to effectively use oxygen for energy production.
- They undergo aerobic respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the presence of oxygen.
3. Examples of Aerobes:
- Most plants and animals are aerobes.
- Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), are also aerobes.
4. Characteristics of Aerobes:
- Aerobes have well-developed respiratory systems and can efficiently extract oxygen from their environment.
- They require oxygen to carry out essential metabolic processes, such as the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
5. Adaptations to oxygen-rich environments:
- Aerobes have evolved various mechanisms to protect themselves from the harmful effects of oxygen.
- They produce antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular components.
In summary, an organism that can live and grow in the presence of oxygen is called an aerobe. Aerobes have adapted to utilize oxygen for their metabolic processes and have mechanisms to protect themselves from its harmful effects.

Unicellular Green Alga:
- Unicellular green algae are single-celled organisms that belong to the plant kingdom.
- They are photosynthetic, meaning they can produce their own food using sunlight and carbon dioxide.
- These organisms are usually found in freshwater environments, such as ponds and lakes.
- They play an important role in the ecosystem as primary producers, providing food and oxygen for other organisms.
Identifying the Unicellular Green Alga:
To determine which option is the unicellular green alga, let's analyze each option:
A: Spirogyra
- Spirogyra is a filamentous green alga consisting of long, thread-like cells.
- It is multicellular, not unicellular, so it is not the correct answer.
B: Fern
- Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores.
- They are multicellular, not unicellular, so it is not the correct answer.
C: Cycas
- Cycas is a genus of gymnosperms, commonly known as cycads.
- They are multicellular, not unicellular, so it is not the correct answer.
D: Chlamydomonas
- Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga.
- It is spherical in shape and has two flagella that enable it to move.
- Chlamydomonas is the correct answer to the question.
Therefore, the correct option is D: Chlamydomonas, which is a unicellular green alga.

Non-flowering Seeded Plants:
The correct answer is B: Gymnosperms.
Explanation:
Non-flowering seeded plants are a group of plants that reproduce through the production of seeds but do not produce flowers. They have naked seeds, meaning the seeds are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit. The two main groups of non-flowering seeded plants are Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes.
Differences between Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes:
Gymnosperms:
- Gymnosperms are a group of plants that include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
- They produce seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones or in other structures.
- The male and female reproductive structures are usually found on separate plants.
- Examples of gymnosperms include pine trees and spruces.
Pteridophytes:
- Pteridophytes are a group of plants that include ferns, horsetails, and clubmosses.
- They reproduce through spores instead of seeds.
- They do not produce flowers or fruits.
- Examples of pteridophytes include ferns and horsetails.
Conclusion:
Out of the given options, Gymnosperms represent the non-flowering seeded plants. They produce seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones or in other structures, unlike Pteridophytes which reproduce through spores.

Non-Chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants:
Non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants are plants that are not capable of photosynthesis and obtain their nutrients from other sources. These plants rely on external sources for their energy requirements.
Examples of non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants:
- Algae: Algae are photosynthetic organisms that contain chlorophyll. They are not considered non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants.
- Fungi: Fungi are non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants that obtain their nutrients through the decomposition of organic matter. They play a vital role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead organic material and recycling nutrients.
- Bryophytes: Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, are non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants. They obtain nutrients from the environment through absorption rather than photosynthesis.
- Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes, including ferns and horsetails, are vascular plants that do not produce flowers or seeds. They rely on external sources for their nutrition and are considered non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, among the given options, fungi are the non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic plants. Fungi obtain their nutrients from organic matter and play a crucial role in the decomposition process.

Answer:
Pteridophytes:
- Pteridophytes are a group of vascular plants that reproduce and disperse through spores.
- They do not produce flowers or seeds.
- They are commonly known as ferns.
- Pteridophytes have a well-developed vascular system that allows the transportation of water and nutrients throughout the plant.
- They have true roots, stems, and leaves.
Options:
A: Ulothrix
- Ulothrix is a filamentous green algae.
- It belongs to the group of algae known as Chlorophyta.
- It does not belong to the pteridophyte group.
B: Rhizopus
- Rhizopus is a filamentous fungus.
- It belongs to the group of fungi known as Zygomycota.
- It does not belong to the pteridophyte group.
C: Marchantia
- Marchantia is a liverwort.
- It belongs to the group of non-vascular plants known as Hepatophyta.
- It does not belong to the pteridophyte group.
D: Fern
- Ferns are pteridophytes.
- They belong to the division Pteridophyta.
- They reproduce and disperse through spores.
- Ferns have well-developed vascular systems and true roots, stems, and leaves.
Conclusion:
The correct answer is D. Fern, as it is the only option listed that belongs to the pteridophyte group.

The correct answer is C: Gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms are a group of plants that include conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes. They are characterized by their lack of vessels in the xylem and lack of companion cells in the phloem. Here is a detailed explanation:
Xylem:
- The xylem is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
- In angiosperms (flowering plants), the xylem contains vessels, which are long, tube-like structures made up of dead cells called vessel elements.
- However, gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem. Instead, they have tracheids, which are long, thin cells with tapered ends. Tracheids are responsible for water transport in gymnosperms.
Phloem:
- The phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
- In angiosperms, the phloem contains companion cells, which are specialized cells that support the function of sieve tube elements, the main conducting cells in the phloem.
- Unlike angiosperms, gymnosperms lack companion cells in their phloem. Instead, the sieve tube elements in gymnosperms are connected by simple pores called sieve areas.
In summary, gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem and companion cells in their phloem, distinguishing them from angiosperms and other plant groups.

Answer:
Fungi store their food in the form of glycogen.

• Glycogen is a polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules.


• Fungi store glycogen as a reserve energy source.


• Glycogen is stored in specialized structures called fungal cells or mycelium.


• It acts as a source of energy during periods of nutrient scarcity or unfavorable conditions.


• Glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed for energy production.


• Fungi can also store other forms of carbohydrates, such as trehalose and mannitol.

In summary, fungi store their food in the form of glycogen, which acts as a reserve energy source.

Explanation:

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in the category of phanerogams. Phanerogams are a group of plants that produce seeds for reproduction. They are characterized by the presence of flowers, fruits, and true vascular tissue.

Gymnosperms are a type of phanerogams that include plants like conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes. They have naked seeds, meaning the seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. These plants usually have needle-shaped leaves and produce cones for reproduction.

Angiosperms, on the other hand, are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit. They are the most diverse group of plants and include trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Angiosperms have specialized reproductive structures called flowers, which attract pollinators for fertilization.

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are part of the phanerogams group because they produce seeds and have well-developed structures for reproduction.

Summary:
- Gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in the category of phanerogams.
- Phanerogams are a group of plants that produce seeds for reproduction.
- Gymnosperms have naked seeds and produce cones for reproduction.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit.
- Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have well-developed structures for reproduction.

Explanation:
Maize is a monocot angiospermic plant. Here's why:
Characteristics of Maize:
- Maize is a flowering plant belonging to the grass family, Poaceae.
- It is an angiosperm, which means it produces flowers and seeds enclosed within fruits.
- It is a monocot, which means it has a single cotyledon (seed leaf) in its embryo.
- Maize plants have long, narrow leaves with parallel veins, a characteristic feature of monocots.
- The stem of maize is cylindrical and hollow.
- The roots of maize are fibrous and do not have a main taproot.
- Maize plants produce both male and female flowers on the same plant.
- The flowers of maize are wind-pollinated.
- After pollination, the female flowers develop into cobs, which contain the seeds (kernels).
Difference between Monocots and Dicots:
- Monocots have a single cotyledon, while dicots have two cotyledons.
- Monocots have parallel veins in their leaves, while dicots have branching veins.
- Monocots have fibrous roots, while dicots have a taproot system.
- Monocots have flower parts in multiples of three, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of four or five.
Therefore, based on the characteristics of maize and the difference between monocots and dicots, we can conclude that maize is a monocot angiospermic plant.

Taxonomy: The Branch of Biology Dealing with Identification, Nomenclature, and Classification of Organisms
Taxonomy is a branch of biology that focuses on the identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms. It involves organizing and categorizing living organisms into hierarchical groups based on their shared characteristics. Here is a detailed explanation of taxonomy:
1. Definition of Taxonomy:
- Taxonomy is the science of classification.
- It involves the identification, naming, and categorization of organisms based on their similarities and differences.
2. Objectives of Taxonomy:
- To provide a systematic and organized way of naming and classifying organisms.
- To establish relationships between different species and groups of organisms.
- To facilitate the identification and study of organisms.
- To provide a framework for understanding the diversity and evolution of life on Earth.
3. Taxonomic Hierarchy:
- Taxonomy uses a hierarchical classification system to organize organisms into different levels of classification.
- The main levels of the taxonomic hierarchy, from broad to specific, are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- Each level represents a different degree of similarity and shared characteristics among the organisms within that group.
4. Taxonomic Methods:
- Taxonomists use various methods and techniques to identify and classify organisms.
- Morphological characteristics (e.g., physical appearance, structure) are often used for identification and classification.
- Molecular techniques, such as DNA sequencing and analysis, are also used to determine evolutionary relationships between species.
5. Importance of Taxonomy:
- Taxonomy is essential for understanding biodiversity and ecological relationships.
- It helps in identifying and naming new species.
- It provides a basis for studying evolutionary patterns and processes.
- Taxonomy plays a crucial role in fields such as agriculture, medicine, and conservation.
In conclusion, taxonomy is a branch of biology that focuses on the identification, naming, and classification of organisms. It provides a systematic and organized way of organizing and understanding the diversity of life on Earth.

Who is known as the father of taxonomy?
The father of taxonomy is Carl Linnaeus.
Explanation:
1. Carl Linnaeus:
- Carl Linnaeus is widely regarded as the father of taxonomy.
- He was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who lived from 1707 to 1778.
- Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system, which is still used today to give each species a unique scientific name.
- He classified and named a vast number of species during his career, making significant contributions to the field of taxonomy.
2. Mendel:
- Gregor Mendel is known as the father of modern genetics, not taxonomy.
- He was an Austrian monk and scientist who lived from 1822 to 1884.
- Mendel conducted groundbreaking experiments with pea plants, discovering the basic principles of inheritance.
3. Darwin:
- Charles Darwin is known for his theory of evolution, not taxonomy.
- He was an English naturalist who lived from 1809 to 1882.
- Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized the field of biology.
4. Crick:
- Francis Crick is known for his contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA, not taxonomy.
- He was a British molecular biologist who lived from 1916 to 2004.
- Crick, along with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, unraveled the double helix structure of DNA.
In conclusion, Carl Linnaeus is known as the father of taxonomy for his development of the binomial nomenclature system and his extensive contributions to the classification and naming of species.

Binomial Nomenclature: Introduction and Introduction by Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming organisms using two Latinized names, the genus name and the species name. This system was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, in the 18th century.
Details about the options:
A. John Ray:
- John Ray was an English naturalist who is often considered the father of English natural history.
- He made significant contributions to the fields of botany and zoology, but he did not introduce binomial nomenclature.
B. A.P. de Candolle:
- A.P. de Candolle, also known as Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, was a Swiss botanist.
- He made important contributions to the study of plant classification and taxonomy, but he did not introduce binomial nomenclature.
C. A.L. de Jussien:
- A.L. de Jussien, also known as Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, was a French botanist.
- He proposed the natural system of plant classification, but he did not introduce binomial nomenclature.
Conclusion:
Thus, the correct answer is D. Carolus Linnaeus. He introduced binomial nomenclature, which is the widely accepted system of naming organisms used in the field of biology.

Association between Algae and Fungi:
Lichen is the association between algae and fungi. Lichen is a unique symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium. The fungi provide a protected environment for the algae or cyanobacteria, while the algae or cyanobacteria provide food through photosynthesis.
Key points:
- Lichen is not a single organism but a composite organism consisting of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and an algal or cyanobacterial partner (photobiont).
- The fungal partner provides a structure and protection for the algae or cyanobacteria.
- The algal or cyanobacterial partner provides food through photosynthesis.
- The association between algae and fungi in lichens is mutualistic, meaning both partners benefit from the relationship.
- Lichens can be found in various environments, including deserts, forests, and even rocky surfaces.
- Lichens are important ecological indicators and can be used to assess air quality and environmental pollution.
- The association between algae and fungi in lichens allows them to survive in harsh conditions where neither partner could survive alone.
In conclusion, the association between algae and fungi is known as lichen. Lichens are fascinating organisms that demonstrate a mutualistic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi.

Species
- A group of freely interbreeding organisms constitutes a species.
- A species is a fundamental unit of classification in biology.
- Members of the same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
- The concept of a species is based on reproductive compatibility and genetic similarity.
- Species are often defined by their distinct physical characteristics, behavior, ecological niche, and genetic makeup.
- The interbreeding within a species helps maintain genetic diversity and allows for adaptation to different environments.
- Species can evolve over time through natural selection and genetic variations.
- The classification of organisms into different species helps scientists study and understand the diversity of life on Earth.
- The identification and classification of species are important for conservation efforts and the preservation of biodiversity.

Binomial Nomenclature and the Scientific Name of an Organism
The scientific naming system, known as binomial nomenclature, was developed by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. It is a standardized way of naming and classifying organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The scientific name of an organism consists of two words, which are:
Genus and Species
- The first word in the scientific name represents the genus to which the organism belongs.
- Genus is a higher taxonomic rank that groups closely related species together.
- It is always capitalized and italicized or underlined in scientific writing.
- For example, in Homo sapiens, Homo is the genus.
- The second word in the scientific name represents the species within the genus.
- Species is the most specific taxonomic rank and refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
- It is written in lowercase and italicized or underlined in scientific writing.
- In Homo sapiens, sapiens is the species.
Importance of Binomial Nomenclature
- Binomial nomenclature provides a standardized and universal system for naming and classifying organisms.
- It ensures accuracy and avoids confusion by using unique scientific names for each species.
- The use of Latin or Latinized names allows scientists from different countries and languages to understand and communicate effectively.
Other Components of Binomial Nomenclature
- Binomial nomenclature also includes additional taxonomic ranks above genus and species, such as family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
- These ranks help to classify organisms into broader groups based on their similarities and evolutionary relationships.
- The full scientific name of an organism includes all the taxonomic ranks, from kingdom to species, in hierarchical order.
- For example, the full scientific name of a human is: Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens.
- However, in everyday usage, the genus and species names are commonly used to refer to organisms.
Conclusion
- According to binomial nomenclature, the scientific name of an organism consists of two words: the genus and species.
- This naming system provides a standardized and universal way of identifying and classifying organisms.
- The use of unique scientific names helps to ensure accuracy and avoid confusion in scientific communication.

Taxonomic Term Substituted for Any Rank in Classification
The taxonomic term that can be substituted for any rank in the classification is known as a taxon. A taxon refers to a group of organisms that are classified together based on shared characteristics. It can represent any level of classification, from the highest rank (domain) to the lowest rank (species).
Here are the reasons why taxon can be substituted for any rank in the classification:
- Flexibility: A taxon can be used to represent any level of classification, allowing for flexibility in the organization of organisms.
- Hierarchical Structure: The classification system is hierarchical, with each taxon representing a different level. By using the term taxon, one can refer to any rank within this hierarchical structure.
- Shared Characteristics: Taxa are defined based on shared characteristics among organisms. These characteristics can be used to group organisms at any level of classification.
In summary, the taxonomic term that can be substituted for any rank in the classification is taxon. This term allows for flexibility and represents the hierarchical structure of the classification system.

Algae belong to the group of Thallophytes.
Thallophytes:
- Thallophytes are a group of plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
- They are characterized by their simple body structure, which is typically a thallus.
- The thallus is a plant body that is not differentiated into specialized organs like roots, stems, and leaves.
- Algae are a part of the Thallophytes group.
Algae:
- Algae are simple, photosynthetic organisms that can be found in various aquatic environments.
- They can range from microscopic single-celled organisms to large, multicellular forms.
- Algae are capable of photosynthesis and produce their food using sunlight and carbon dioxide.
- They are primarily found in freshwater and marine environments, but can also be found in damp terrestrial habitats.
- Algae play a vital role in the ecosystem as they are the primary producers, providing food and oxygen for other organisms.
- They are also used in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels.
In conclusion, algae belong to the group of Thallophytes, which are characterized by their simple body structure and lack of specialized organs. They are photosynthetic organisms that play a crucial role in the ecosystem and have various industrial applications.

Whittaker's Classification of Organisms:
In Whittaker's classification, organisms are grouped into five kingdoms based on their characteristics. Unicellular organisms, which are made up of a single cell, are grouped under the kingdom Protista.
Explanation:
The classification of unicellular organisms under the kingdom Protista is based on the following characteristics:
1. Structure: Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell with a simple structure, lacking specialized tissues or organs.
2. Mode of Nutrition: Protists can be autotrophic (able to produce their own food through photosynthesis) or heterotrophic (obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms or organic matter).
3. Diversity: The kingdom Protista is highly diverse, encompassing a wide range of unicellular organisms such as algae, protozoa, and slime molds.
4. Reproduction: Unicellular organisms in the kingdom Protista reproduce through various methods, including binary fission, multiple fission, budding, and sexual reproduction.
5. Habitat: Protists can be found in various habitats, including freshwater, saltwater, soil, and even as symbionts within other organisms.
Conclusion:
In Whittaker's classification, unicellular organisms are grouped under the kingdom Protista. This classification is based on their structure, mode of nutrition, diversity, reproduction, and habitat.

Explanation:
Mosses are a type of non-vascular plant, which means they do not have a true vascular system. Instead, they have specialized cells that help them transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies. This is in contrast to vascular plants, such as ferns and flowering plants, which have well-developed vascular systems consisting of xylem and phloem tissues.
Here are some key points to support the answer B (False):
- Mosses belong to a group of plants called bryophytes, which also includes liverworts and hornworts.
- Unlike vascular plants, mosses do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.
- Mosses rely on osmosis and diffusion to absorb water and nutrients from their surroundings.
- Mosses have rhizoids, which are thread-like structures that anchor the plant to the ground and help with water absorption, but they are not true roots.
- Mosses lack xylem and phloem tissues, which are responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars in vascular plants.
- Because of their lack of a vascular system, mosses are generally small in size and grow in moist environments.
In summary, mosses do not have a vascular system. Instead, they have adaptations that allow them to absorb water and nutrients directly from their surroundings.

Explanation:
- Ferns are a type of plant that belong to the group known as pteridophytes.
- Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants, meaning they do not produce seeds for reproduction.
- Instead, ferns reproduce by producing spores, which are tiny reproductive cells that can develop into new fern plants.
- Spores are produced in structures called sporangia, which are usually found on the undersides of fern fronds.
- When the spores are released, they can be dispersed by wind or water to find suitable conditions for germination.
- Once a spore lands in a suitable environment, it can develop into a small plant called a gametophyte.
- The gametophyte produces both male and female reproductive structures, which in turn produce sperm and eggs.
- Fertilization occurs when sperm from the male structure fertilizes an egg from the female structure, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
- The zygote then develops into a new fern plant, completing the life cycle of the fern.
- Since ferns do not produce seeds and instead rely on spores for reproduction, they are considered seedless plants.
Therefore, the statement "Ferns are seedless plants" is true (option A).

False: Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
There are two main modes of reproduction in fungi: sexual and asexual. The statement that fungi reproduce only asexually is incorrect. Here's a detailed explanation:
Asexual reproduction in fungi:
- Fungi can reproduce asexually through various methods such as fragmentation, budding, and spore production.
- Fragmentation: Some fungi can break apart into smaller pieces, and each fragment can develop into a new individual.
- Budding: Certain fungi produce small outgrowths called buds, which eventually detach and grow into new individuals.
- Spore production: Fungi produce spores, which are usually single-celled structures that can germinate and develop into new individuals under suitable conditions. Spores can be dispersed by wind, water, or other means.
Sexual reproduction in fungi:
- Fungi can also reproduce sexually, involving the fusion of two specialized cells called gametes.
- In most fungi, sexual reproduction occurs through the fusion of two different mating types, referred to as (+) and (-) strains. These strains produce specialized structures called gametangia, which contain the gametes.
- The fusion of gametes results in the formation of a zygote, which develops into a new individual.
Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi:
- Asexual reproduction allows fungi to rapidly produce offspring and colonize new habitats.
- Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, promotes genetic diversity by combining genetic material from two different individuals. This genetic diversity can be advantageous for adaptation and survival in changing environments.
In conclusion, fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually, allowing them to adapt and thrive in various ecological niches.

False
Bryophytes do not have true roots, stems, or leaves like other higher plants. They have structures that perform similar functions but are not homologous to the roots, stems, and leaves of vascular plants.
Explanation:
Bryophytes are a group of non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Unlike vascular plants, bryophytes lack specialized tissues for conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant. Instead, they have simple structures that fulfill similar functions:
Rhizoids: Bryophytes have rhizoids, which are thread-like structures that anchor the plant to the substrate. However, rhizoids do not absorb water and nutrients like true roots in vascular plants.
Stems: Bryophytes have simple stems called "axes" that provide support for the plant. However, these stems do not have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem found in vascular plants.
Leaves: Bryophytes have leaf-like structures called "phyllids" that carry out photosynthesis. However, these structures lack the complex vascular system and stomata found in true leaves of vascular plants.
In conclusion, bryophytes do not possess true roots, stems, or leaves. They have specialized structures that perform similar functions but are not homologous to the structures found in higher plants.

The Answer:

True

Explanation:
- Lichen is a dual organism that is formed through a mutualistic association between algae and fungi.
- The algae in lichen provide photosynthetic capabilities, producing food through photosynthesis.
- The fungi provide a protective structure and absorb water and nutrients from the environment.
- The association between algae and fungi in lichen is so intimate that they are often considered as a single organism.
- Lichens can be found in various environments, including deserts, forests, and even on rocks and tree barks.
- They play important roles in ecological systems, such as soil formation and providing habitat for other organisms.
- Lichens are also known for their ability to survive in extreme conditions, including high altitudes and low nutrient availability.
- The partnership between algae and fungi in lichen is an example of mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the association.
Therefore, the statement that lichen is a dual organism showing the association of algae and fungi is true.

To answer this question, we need to understand the classification system used in biology. The classification system consists of several hierarchical levels, including Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
1. Kingdom Animalia:
- Kingdom Animalia includes all animals, which are multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms.
- Animals are characterized by their ability to move, their lack of cell walls, and their ability to reproduce sexually.
2. Algae:
- Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be found in various habitats, including freshwater, marine environments, and even on land.
- Algae can range in size from microscopic single-celled organisms to large multicellular species.
- Although algae are often mistaken for plants, they are actually classified in the Kingdom Protista or Plantae, depending on their characteristics.
3. Conclusion:
- Based on the information provided, it is clear that algae is not included in Kingdom Animalia.
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is B: False.
To summarize, algae is not included in Kingdom Animalia. Algae belongs to the Kingdom Protista or Plantae, depending on its characteristics.

Bacteria are prokaryotic.
Explanation:
- Bacteria are a type of microorganism that belong to the prokaryote group.
- Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells.
- Bacteria have a simple cell structure without a defined nucleus.
- The genetic material of bacteria is not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus but is instead present in a region called the nucleoid.
- Bacteria also lack other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
- Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Bacteria play important roles in various ecological processes, including nutrient cycling and decomposition.
- They can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body.
- Bacteria can be harmful, causing diseases, but they can also be beneficial, such as in the production of certain foods and antibiotics.
- Overall, bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with a simple cell structure and play diverse roles in the ecosystem.

Answer:
The 'Origin of Species' is written by Charles Darwin. Here is a detailed explanation:
Charles Darwin:
- Charles Darwin was a British naturalist and biologist who is best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution.
- He spent several years studying and collecting specimens during a voyage on the HMS Beagle, which provided him with valuable insights into the diversity of life.
- Darwin's most famous work is 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection', commonly referred to as 'Origin of Species'.
- This groundbreaking book, published in 1859, presented Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, which revolutionized the field of biology.
- In 'Origin of Species', Darwin presented evidence from various scientific fields to support his theory, including fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryology, and biogeography.
- The book argued that all species, including humans, have descended from common ancestors and that the process of natural selection is responsible for the diversity of life on Earth.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Darwin.

Monocot Identification:
To determine which of the given options is a monocot, we need to consider the characteristics of monocots and compare them with the characteristics of the plants listed.
Monocots:
Monocots are a group of flowering plants characterized by having a single cotyledon or seed leaf. They also exhibit other distinct features such as parallel veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles in the stem, fibrous root systems, and floral parts in multiples of three.
Analysis of Options:
A: Carrot:
- Carrots are dicots, not monocots.
- They have two cotyledons, which is a characteristic of dicots.
B: Wheat:
- Wheat is a monocot.
- It has a single cotyledon, parallel veined leaves, and a fibrous root system.
C: Mango:
- Mango is a dicot, not a monocot.
- It has two cotyledons and reticulate veined leaves, which are characteristics of dicots.
D: Mustard:
- Mustard is a dicot, not a monocot.
- It has two cotyledons and reticulate veined leaves.
Conclusion:
Based on the characteristics of monocots, the correct answer is B: Wheat. Wheat exhibits the key features of a monocot, including a single cotyledon, parallel veined leaves, and a fibrous root system.

Gymnosperms do not have archegonium.

• Antheridium: Antheridia are male reproductive structures found in plants. They produce and release sperm cells.


• Ovule: Ovules are female reproductive structures found in plants. They contain the egg cell and are surrounded by protective layers.


• Archegonium: Archegonia are structures found in some plants, such as ferns and mosses. They house the egg cell and are involved in fertilization.


• Egg: The egg cell is the female reproductive cell or gamete. It is involved in fertilization and gives rise to the embryo.

Gymnosperms, which include plants like conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes, do not have archegonia. Instead, they have structures called ovules that contain the egg cells. These ovules are typically exposed and not enclosed within an archegonium. This is one of the key distinguishing features of gymnosperms compared to other plant groups, such as angiosperms (flowering plants), which have enclosed ovules within an ovary.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Gymnosperms do not have archegonium.

Kingdom Protista includes:
- Life-cycle showing sporic meiosis
- Life cycle showing zygotic meiosis
- Life-cycle showing gametic meiosis
- Both B and C
Detailed
The Kingdom Protista is a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom. They exhibit various types of life cycles, including sporic meiosis, zygotic meiosis, and gametic meiosis. Here is a detailed explanation:
Life-cycle showing sporic meiosis:
- In sporic meiosis, the organism alternates between a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage.
- The gametophyte produces gametes (haploid cells) through mitosis.
- The fusion of gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
- The zygote develops into a sporophyte, which produces haploid spores through meiosis.
- The spores then develop into gametophytes and the cycle continues.
Life cycle showing zygotic meiosis:
- In zygotic meiosis, the organism spends most of its life cycle in the haploid state.
- The zygote formed by the fusion of gametes undergoes meiosis immediately, resulting in the formation of haploid cells.
- These haploid cells develop into individuals (gametophytes) that produce gametes through mitosis.
- The gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote, and the cycle continues.
Life-cycle showing gametic meiosis:
- In gametic meiosis, the organism spends most of its life cycle in the diploid state.
- The diploid organism produces haploid gametes through meiosis.
- The gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
- The zygote develops into a new organism, and the cycle continues.
Both B and C:
- Kingdom Protista includes organisms that exhibit both zygotic meiosis and gametic meiosis in their life cycles.
- These organisms alternate between diploid and haploid stages, producing gametes through meiosis and fusing them to form zygotes.
In conclusion, Kingdom Protista includes organisms that exhibit various types of life cycles, including sporic meiosis, zygotic meiosis, and gametic meiosis. Some organisms may display a combination of zygotic and gametic meiosis, while others may exhibit only one type.