Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. It would be expected that a novel by a figure as prominent as W. E. B. DuBois would attract the attention of literary critics. Additionally, when the novel subtly engages the issue of race, as DuBois’ The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911) does, it would be a surprise not to encounter an abundance of scholarly work about that text. But though valuable scholarship has examined DuBois’ political and historical thought, his novels have received scant attention. Perhaps DuBois the novelist must wait his turn behind DuBois the philosopher, historian, and editor. But what if the truth lies elsewhere: what if his novels do not speak to current concerns? Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding DuBois’ The Quest of the Silver Fleece?

The lack of attention devoted to The Quest of the Silver Fleece can be attributed to the fact that it was DuBois’ first novel.

Among DuBois’ novels, The Quest of the Silver Fleece is unusual in that it has received scant attention from scholars.

Much of the scholarly work that has focused on The Quest of the Silver Fleece has been surprisingly critical of it.

The Quest of the Silver Fleece, given its subtle exploration of race, is probably the best novel written by DuBois.

The Quest of the Silver Fleece has at least one feature that typically would attract the attention of literary scholars.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. It would be expected that a novel by a figure as prominent as W. E. B. DuBois would attract the attention of literary critics. Additionally, when the novel subtly engages the issue of race, as DuBois’ The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911) does, it would be a surprise not to encounter an abundance of scholarly work about that text. But though valuable scholarship has examined DuBois’ political and historical thought, his novels have received scant attention. Perhaps DuBois the novelist must wait his turn behind DuBois the philosopher, historian, and editor. But what if the truth lies elsewhere: what if his novels do not speak to current concerns? Q. In the fourth sentence (“Perhaps DuBois . . . editor.”), the author of the passage is most likely suggesting that

scholars will find that DuBois’ novels are more relevant to current concerns than is his work as philosopher, historian, and editor

more scholarly attention will be paid to The Quest of the Silver Fleece than to DuBois’ other novels

DuBois’ novels will come to overshadow his work as philosopher, historian, and editor

DuBois’ novels may eventually attract greater scholarly interest than they have to date

it will be shown that DuBois’ work as philosopher, historian, and editor had an important influence on his work as novelist

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. It would be expected that a novel by a figure as prominent as W. E. B. DuBois would attract the attention of literary critics. Additionally, when the novel subtly engages the issue of race, as DuBois’ The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911) does, it would be a surprise not to encounter an abundance of scholarly work about that text. But though valuable scholarship has examined DuBois’ political and historical thought, his novels have received scant attention. Perhaps DuBois the novelist must wait his turn behind DuBois the philosopher, historian, and editor. But what if the truth lies elsewhere: what if his novels do not speak to current concerns? Q. Which of the following best describes the central issue with which the passage is concerned?

The perfunctoriness of much of the critical work devoted to DuBois’ novels

The nature of DuBois’ engagement with the issue of race in The Quest of the Silver Fleece

Whether DuBois’ novels are of high quality and relevant to current concerns

The relationship between DuBois the novelist and DuBois the philosopher, historian, and editor

The degree of consideration that has been given to DuBois’ novels, including The Quest of the Silver Fleece

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English immigration to New England in the 1630s: what kinds of people immigrated and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families. Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630s from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrated to America by 1700. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanations were less frequently offered, and he concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of material improvement. Q. The passage indicates that Cressy would agree with which of the following statements about the organizers among the English immigrants to New England in the 1630s? [For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.]

Some of them offered a religious explanation for their immigration.

They did not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after they had immigrated.

They were more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated by material considerations.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. In a recent study, David Cressy examines two central questions concerning English immigration to New England in the 1630s: what kinds of people immigrated and why? Using contemporary literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families. Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630s from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrated to America by 1700. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the principal actors, he finds that religious explanations were less frequently offered, and he concludes that most people immigrated because they were recruited by promises of material improvement. Q. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

summarizing the findings of an investigation

hypothesizing about a set of circumstances

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Fossil bones of the huge herbivorous dinosaurs known as sauropods were first discovered and studied between 1840 and 1880, providing evidence for the gargantuan dimensions of the adults. The shape of sauropod teeth suggested what they ate. But aside from trackways, or series of fossilized footprints—which established that sauropods at least occasionally lived in herds—fossils incorporating direct evidence of other behavior, such as reproductive behavior, have been almost nonexistent. Because no modern land animals even approach sauropod size, scientists have also lacked a living analogue to use as a guide to possible sauropod behavior. Until the recent discovery of fossilized sauropod nesting grounds, scientists were thus uncertain whether sauropods laid eggs or gave birth to live young. Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the evidence provided by sauropod teeth?

The teeth allow inferences to be made about sauropod social behavior.

The shape of the teeth indicates that sauropods were herbivorous.

The teeth have no resemblance to those of any modern land animal.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Fossil bones of the huge herbivorous dinosaurs known as sauropods were first discovered and studied between 1840 and 1880, providing evidence for the gargantuan dimensions of the adults. The shape of sauropod teeth suggested what they ate. But aside from trackways, or series of fossilized footprints—which established that sauropods at least occasionally lived in herds—fossils incorporating direct evidence of other behavior, such as reproductive behavior, have been almost nonexistent. Because no modern land animals even approach sauropod size, scientists have also lacked a living analogue to use as a guide to possible sauropod behavior. Until the recent discovery of fossilized sauropod nesting grounds, scientists were thus uncertain whether sauropods laid eggs or gave birth to live young. Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the recently discovered fossilized sauropod nesting grounds?

They are among the few fossils incorporating direct evidence of sauropod behavior.

They confirm the evidence provided by trackways about sauropod behavior.

They have forced a reevaluation of theories regarding the nature of sauropod herd behavior.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Some researchers contend that sleep plays no role in the consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., memory involving factual information). These researchers note that people with impairments in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they argue that if sleep were crucial for memory, then these individuals would have apparent memory deficits. Yet the same researchers acknowledge that the cognitive capacities of these individuals have never been systematically examined, nor have they been the subject of studies of tasks on which performance reportedly depends on sleep. Even if such studies were done, they could only clarify our understanding of the role of REM sleep, not sleep in general. These researchers also claim that improvements of memory overnight can be explained by the mere passage of time, rather than attributed to sleep. But recent studies of memory performance after sleep—including one demonstrating that sleep stabilizes declarative memories from future interference caused by mental activity during wakefulness—make this claim unsustainable. Certainly there are memory consolidation processes that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither depend on nor are enhanced by sleep. But when sleep is compared with wakefulness, and performance is better after sleep, then some benefit of sleep for memory must be acknowledged. Q. The primary purpose of the passage is to

argue against a particular position regarding sleep’s role in memory

describe how various factors contribute to the effect of sleep on memory

present the evidence that supports a particular claim regarding REM sleep and memory

summarize the most prevalent theory regarding sleep and memory

defend the importance of the consolidation of declarative memory

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Some researchers contend that sleep plays no role in the consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., memory involving factual information). These researchers note that people with impairments in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they argue that if sleep were crucial for memory, then these individuals would have apparent memory deficits. Yet the same researchers acknowledge that the cognitive capacities of these individuals have never been systematically examined, nor have they been the subject of studies of tasks on which performance reportedly depends on sleep. Even if such studies were done, they could only clarify our understanding of the role of REM sleep, not sleep in general. These researchers also claim that improvements of memory overnight can be explained by the mere passage of time, rather than attributed to sleep. But recent studies of memory performance after sleep—including one demonstrating that sleep stabilizes declarative memories from future interference caused by mental activity during wakefulness—make this claim unsustainable. Certainly there are memory consolidation processes that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither depend on nor are enhanced by sleep. But when sleep is compared with wakefulness, and performance is better after sleep, then some benefit of sleep for memory must be acknowledged. Q. According to the author of the passage, which of the following generalizations about memory and sleep is true?

There are some memory-consolidation processes that have nothing to do with sleep.

Sleep is more important to the consolidation of declarative memory than to the consolidation of other types of memory.

REM sleep is more important to memory consolidation than is non-REM sleep.

There are significant variations in the amount of sleep that people require for the successful consolidation of memory.

It is likely that memory is more thoroughly consolidated during wakefulness than during sleep.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Some researchers contend that sleep plays no role in the consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., memory involving factual information). These researchers note that people with impairments in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they argue that if sleep were crucial for memory, then these individuals would have apparent memory deficits. Yet the same researchers acknowledge that the cognitive capacities of these individuals have never been systematically examined, nor have they been the subject of studies of tasks on which performance reportedly depends on sleep. Even if such studies were done, they could only clarify our understanding of the role of REM sleep, not sleep in general. These researchers also claim that improvements of memory overnight can be explained by the mere passage of time, rather than attributed to sleep. But recent studies of memory performance after sleep—including one demonstrating that sleep stabilizes declarative memories from future interference caused by mental activity during wakefulness—make this claim unsustainable. Certainly there are memory consolidation processes that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither depend on nor are enhanced by sleep. But when sleep is compared with wakefulness, and performance is better after sleep, then some benefit of sleep for memory must be acknowledged. Q. Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 14–16 (“Certainly . . . sleep”)?

It provides the reasoning behind a claim about the role of sleep in memory consolidation.

It explains why a previous claim about sleep and memory is unsustainable.

It demonstrates why wakefulness is central to the process of declarative memory consolidation.

It emphasizes the limited role sleep plays in the process of declarative memory consolidation.

It concedes that the consolidation of declarative memory does not depend entirely on one factor.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. Some researchers contend that sleep plays no role in the consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., memory involving factual information). These researchers note that people with impairments in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they argue that if sleep were crucial for memory, then these individuals would have apparent memory deficits. Yet the same researchers acknowledge that the cognitive capacities of these individuals have never been systematically examined, nor have they been the subject of studies of tasks on which performance reportedly depends on sleep. Even if such studies were done, they could only clarify our understanding of the role of REM sleep, not sleep in general. These researchers also claim that improvements of memory overnight can be explained by the mere passage of time, rather than attributed to sleep. But recent studies of memory performance after sleep—including one demonstrating that sleep stabilizes declarative memories from future interference caused by mental activity during wakefulness—make this claim unsustainable. Certainly there are memory consolidation processes that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither depend on nor are enhanced by sleep. But when sleep is compared with wakefulness, and performance is better after sleep, then some benefit of sleep for memory must be acknowledged. Q. The importance of the study mentioned in lines 12–14 is that it

reveals the mechanism by which declarative memory is stabilized during sleep

identifies a specific function that sleep plays in the memory-consolidation process

demonstrates that some kinds of mental activity can interfere with memory consolidation

suggests that sleep and wakefulness are both important to memory consolidation

explains how the passage of time contributes to memory consolidation

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. The more definitions a given noun has, the more valuable is each one. Multiple definitions, each subtly different from all the others, convey multiple shades of meaning. They expand the uses of the word; language is enriched, thought is widened, and interpretations increase or dilate to fill the potentialities of association. The very impossibility of absoluteness in the definition of certain nouns adds to the levels of connotation they may reach. The inner life of a writer often says more than most readers can know; the mind of a reader can discover truths that go beyond the intent or perhaps even the comprehension of the writer. And all of it finds expression because a word can mean many things. Q. The passage suggests that a writer’s use of nouns that have multiple definitions can have which of the following effects on the relationship between writer and reader?

It can encourage the reader to consider how the writer’s life might have influenced the work.

It can cause the reader to become frustrated with the writer’s failure to distinguish between subtle shades of meaning.

It can allow the reader to discern in a work certain meanings that the writer did not foresee.

It allows the writer to provide the reader with clues beyond the word itself in order to avoid ambiguity.

It allows the writer to present unfamiliar ideas to the reader more efficiently.

Directions: Answer the questions based on following reading passage. In 1998 the United States Department of Transportation received nearly 10,000 consumer complaints about airlines; in 1999 it received over 20,000. Moreover, the number of complaints per 100,000 passengers also more than doubled. In both years the vast majority of complaints concerned flight delays, cancellations, mishandled baggage, and customer service. Clearly, therefore, despite the United States airline industry’s serious efforts to improve performance in these areas, passenger dissatisfaction with airline service increased significantly in 1999. Q. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

Although the percentage of flights that arrived on time dropped slightly overall, from 77 percent in 1998 to 76 percent in 1999, some United States airlines’ 1999 on-time rate was actually better than their 1998 on-time rate.

The number of passengers flying on United States airlines was significantly higher in 1999 than in 1998.

Fewer bags per 1,000 passengers flying on United States airlines were lost or delayed in 1999 than in 1998.

The appearance in 1999 of many new Internet sites that relay complaints directly to the Department of Transportation has made filing a complaint about airlines much easier for consumers than ever before.

Although the number of consumer complaints increased for every major United States airline in 1999, for some airlines the extent of the increase was substantial, whereas for others it was extremely small.

Meteorite explosions in the Earth's atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia, with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century. The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable. Q. Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly automated nuclear-missile defense system controlled by a complex computer program?

Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear war.

The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth's atmosphere.

It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large meteorite would depend on the location of the blast.

It is not certain what the system's response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did not plan for such a contingency.

The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions. Q. If the statements in the passage are true, which of the following must be true?

Some lawyers who now advertise will charge more for specific services if they do not have to specify fee arrangements in the advertisements.

More consumers will use legal services if there are fewer restrictions on the advertising of legal service.

If the restriction against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements is removed, more lawyers will advertise their services.

If more lawyers advertise lower prices for specific services, some lawyers who do not advertise will also charge less than they currently charge for those services.

If the only restrictions on the advertising of legal services were those that apply to every type of advertising, most lawyers would advertise their services.

The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions. Q. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument concerning overall consumer legal costs?

The state has recently removed some other restrictions that had limited the advertising of legal services.

The state is unlikely to remove all of the restrictions that apply solely to the advertising of legal services.

Lawyers who do not advertise generally provide legal services of the same quality as those provided by lawyers who do advertise.

Most lawyers who now specify fee arrangements in their advertisements would continue to do so even if the specification were not required.

Most lawyers who advertise specific services do not lower their fees for those services when they begin to advertise.

Directions: Choose the word or set of words that best completes the following sentence. The aged scholar was well known for his __________, having written __________ articles on many issues of cellular mutation from the most __________ of topics to large-scale, systemic investigations.

education - countless - intriguing

erudition - innumerable - minute

supremacy - numbing - applicable

influence - redundant - influential

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