BPSC Practice Test- 4 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

• TCS company has become the second Indian company after Reliance to cross the market value of Rs 13 lakh crore on August 17, 2021.
• The market capitalization of TCS at the end of business was Rs 13.14 lakh crore.
• Reliance Industries is currently valued at Rs 13.7 lakh crore.

About Tata Consultancy Services (TCS):

• TCS is a multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company of India. 
• It is headquartered in Mumbai. 
• However, its largest campus is located in Chennai. 
• TCS is the largest IT services company worldwide by market capitalisation, as of February 2021. 
• TCS is a subsidiary of Tata Group. It is operating in 149 locations in 46 countries. 
• TCS was ranked at 64th place in 2015 in the Forbes World’s Most Innovative Companies ranking. 
• It ranked 11th on Fortune India 500 list, as of 2018.

• MSME – Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
• The World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors has approved a USD 500 million programs to support India’s nationwide initiative to revitalise the MSME sector, which has been heavily impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. 

Important facts

• The MSME sector is the backbone of India’s economy, contributing 30% of India’s GDP and 4% of exports.
• The USD 500 million Raising and Accelerating Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) Performance (RAMP) Program is the World Bank’s second intervention in this sector, the first being the USD 750 million MSME Emergency Response Program, approved in July 2020 
• MSME - Headquarters - New Delhi
• Establishment of World Bank – 1945"

Static aspects:
World Bank:

• The WBG is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing nations. 
• Its five institutions share a commitment to decreasing poverty, enhancing shared prosperity, and boosting sustainable development.
• The WBG is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The World Bank Group is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

The five development institutions under the World Bank Group are:

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
• International Development Association (IDA)
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• Multilateral Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

Note: The IBRD and the IDA together form the World Bank.

• Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan has announced the NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) Rankings 2021.
• IIT Madras has topped the list in the engineering category for the sixth year in a row.
• IIT Madras has topped in the overall category as well.
• IIM Ahmedabad also retained its top position in the Management category for the second year.
• In the university category, Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore was ranked at the top.
• Miranda House, Delhi is at the top in the college category.
• Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi was ranked first in Pharmacy category.
• In the medical category, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Delhi stood first.
• The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) approved by the Ministry of Human Resource Development was launched in September 2015.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved the re-appointment of Sandeep Bakhshi as MD and CEO of ICICI Bank. It will be effective from October 15, 2021 to October 3, 2023.

• The shareholders in the Annual General Meeting held on 9th August, 2019 had already approved the appointment of Shri Bakshi for the period effective 15th October, 2018 to 3rd October 2023

(ICICI)

• ICICI Bank Headquarters :- Mumbai, Maharashtra
• ICICI Bank Tagline:- Hum hai na, khayal aapka.

(RBI)

• Headquarters: Mumbai
• Founded: 1 April 1935, Kolkata
• Governor: Shaktikanta Das

Regulating act 1773 provided for a Supreme court of Judicature at Calcutta. And it was established in 1774.
Important Facts:-

• The supreme Court of Madras and Bombay was set up by the British Crown on 26 December 1800 and on 8 December 1823 respectively.
• The high Court act 1861 abolished the supreme Court of Bengal, Madras and Bombay . These High Courts were the highest court for all cases till the creation of Federal court in 1935 under the Government of India Act 1935.
• The Supreme Court of India came into being after the promulgation of the constitution on 26 January 1950 on the same day.
• The First sitting of the Supreme Court was held on 28 January 1950.
• The first Chief Justice of the Supreme court was Harilal J. Kania.

Political Aspects:-

• Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation, independence, jurisdiction, powers and procedures of the Supreme Court.
• The Indian constitution under Article 124(1) states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India constituting of a Chief Justice of India.
• The Supreme Court is empowered to issue writs, including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto and certiorarifor the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen.
• Writs are a written order from the Supreme Court or High Court that commands constitutional remedies for Indian Citizens against the violation of their fundamental rights.
• Article 32 in the Indian Constitution deals with constitutional remedies.
• Article 32 also empowers Parliament to authorize any other court to issue these writs.
• Before 1950, only the High Courts of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras had the power to issue the writs.
• Article 226 empowers all the High Courts of India to issue the writs.
• Writs of India are borrowed from English law where they are known as ‘Prerogative writs’.

Habeas Corpus:-

• The Latin meaning of the word ‘Habeas Corpus’ is‘To have the body of.’ This writ is used to enforce the fundamental right of individual liberty against unlawful detention. 
• Through Habeas Corpus, Supreme Court/High Court orders one person who has arrested another person to bring the body of the latter before the court.

Mandamus:-

• The literal meaning of this writ is ‘We command.’ This writ is used by the court to order the public official who has failed to perform his duty or refused to do his duty, to resume his work. 

Prohibition:-

• The literal meaning of ‘Prohibition’ is ‘To forbid.’A court that is higher in position issues a Prohibition writ against a court that is lower in position to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. 

Certiorari:-

• The literal meaning of the writ of‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be certified’ or ‘To be informed.’This writ is issued by a court higher in authority to a lower court or tribunal ordering them either to transfer a case pending with them to itself or quash their order in a case.

Quo-Warranto:-

• The literal meaning of the writ of ‘Quo-Warranto’ is ‘By what authority or warrant.’ Supreme Court or High Court issues this writ to prevent illegal usurpation of a public office by a person. 
• Through this writ, the court enquires into the legality of a claim of a person to a public office.

• The Indus civilization was first discovered by Rai Bahadur Dayaram Sahni in 1921 at a place called Harappa.
• Presently it is located in Motihari district of Pakistan.
• It is on the banks of Ravi river.

Some important points – 

• During the search, huge granaries were found, mirrors, r37 graveyards and remains of labor houses have been found.

Other searched sites:
Mohenjodaro

• Mohenjodaro was discovered by Rakhaldas Banerjee in 1922.

Lothal

• Presently situated on the banks of river Bhogwa in GujaratIt was discovered in 1957 by Ranganatha Rao. Lothal was the port or dockyard of this civilization.  

• 1870 to 1905 AD . In between, many Indian intellectuals analyzed the economic aspect of British rule. 
• Among these, the contribution of three people was the most important, they were-
•  Dadabhai Naoroji, 
•  Mahadev Govind Ranade and
• ICS Officer Ramesh Chandra Dutta
• He wrote the economic history of India. In addition to these three G.V. Joshi, G. Several political activists and journalists, including Subramanya Iyer (founder-editor of 'The Hindu' newspaper), Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• He analyzed every aspect of the then economy in depth.
• These people came to the conclusion that the biggest obstacle in the way of economic development of India is colonialism.

Indian Universities Act, 1904 (Curzon's Education Policy)

• In 1901 Curzon called a conference of higher education and university officials of India at Shimla. In 1902 the University Commission was formed under the chairmanship of 'Tomas Raleigh'. 
• The recommendation of this commission was to give suggestions regarding the status of universities and higher education.

The Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904 whose recommendations were as follows-

• The number of sub-members of the University should not be less than 50 and not more than 100, whose tenure will be 6 years. The deputy members should be nominated by the government.
• Professors and lecturers should be appointed for studies and research in universities.
• The government was given the right of veto (prohibition) on the resolution passed by the senate of the university.
•  The government had the right to amend the rules made by the Senate and if necessary, could also make new rules in this regard.
• Government control over private colleges was tightened by this act.
• The government itself took the right to get the colleges affiliated with the university.
• Under this act, for the upliftment of universities, an amount of Rs 5 lakh per annum was approved for 5 years. Subsequently, government grants became a regular feature of government policy.
• The nationalists strongly criticized the act and saw it as an attempt to consolidate imperialism.
• He alleged that the act was an attempt to kill nationalist sentiments. Gopal Krishna Gokhale termed it as an 'act of taking national education backward'.

The French established their first factory in India in Surat.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Colbert, minister of Louis XIV.
• The formation of the French company was done by the state and today all its expenses were given by the state.
• In 1667 AD, an expedition team under the leadership of Francis Caro left for India, which established its first factory in Surat in 1668 AD.
• Another factory was established in Masulipatam in 1669.
• In 1673,  the township at Chandernagore near Calcutta was established.
• The same year, the French (Francois Martin) acquired the area of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur, thus establishing the Pondicherry colony (1674). 

• Indian cottage as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century
• Industries were badly affected. Deindustrialization in India this era
• It's called the period. 
• The following policies were responsible for this-
  • Implementation of free trade policy on India, 
  • levying excessive octroi (tax) on Indian goods, 
  • export of raw materials from India by a British company,
  • development of rail routes 
  • To give special facilities to foreign manufacturers for setting up industries etc.
• All these factors together destroyed the Indian traditional handicraft industry.
•  In this regard, Karl Marx has written that "It was the British intruder, who broke the Indian ravine, destroyed the spinning wheel and filled the country which was known for cotton cloth, with cotton cloth. 

Andhra Pradesh government has announced to set up the country's first ambulance network for animals.
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YS Jaganmohan Reddy announced this to reach out to the endangered animals and provide them proper animal health care.
Each ambulance will be accompanied by a veterinary doctor and a para-veterinary worker.

In June 2017 a 'Committee for the Draft National Education Policy' was constituted  by the Government of India under the Chairmanship of eminent scientist Dr. K. Kasturirangan. 

He came to India in the month of September for 2+2 meeting 2+2 Meeting means that the Defence minister and Foreign Minister of a country hold a meeting with their Indian Counterpart.

India at present conducts 2+2 meetings with Australia, Japan and the United States .
In the Month of April India and Russia agreed to conduct 2+2 meetings
Note 
Secretary of State (Foreign Minister of U.S)-Anthony Blinken 
Secretary of Defence (Defence Minister of U.S )- Lloyd Austin 

• As per the press release issued in November, 2020, Asia's first Solar Energy Efficient Textile Mill has been commissioned in Parbhani district of Maharashtra.
• This project will especially provide employment to women.
• Jai Bhavani Women's Cooperative Textile Mill will be the first such mill in Asia to be completely solar powered.
• Tire Energy Efficient Textile Meal Mill will work in making cotton into cloth.
• Parbhani is the major cotton producing district of Maharashtra.
• The cost of the Tire Energy Efficient Textile Meal Project is about Rs 100 crore.
• The Chairman of Textile Mill, Dr. Rahul Patil

India's first lithium refinery to process lithium ore and produce battery-grade material will be set up in the state of Gujarat.
Important facts:-

• The project will be spearheaded by Manikaran Power, a leading power trading and renewable energy company. 
• Since lithium is rarely found in India, the company will import lithium ore from Australia and process it at the plant.
• At present, India is dependent on China, Japan, and Taiwan for the manufacture of electric batteries.
• Lithium has become the new 'white gold' as the demand for high performing rechargeable batteries is rising.

Malini Parthasarathy, the chairperson of The Hindu Group Publishing, is among four veteran journalists who have been named by US-based Columbia Journalism School as the 2022 alumni award winners.
Other recipients of the award include:

• Eric Marcus, the founder and host of ‘Making Gay History’ podcast.
• Stuart Schear, the vice-­president for communications and marketing at American Jewish World Service.
• Thomas Maier, an investigative journalist with Newsday and author.

World’s No. 3, Alexander Zverev (24 years old tennis player) of Germany was awarded with the German’s Sportsman of the year at the 2021 German Athlete Awards.

• He became the first tennis player, since 1991, to win the award.
• The 75th edition of the awards was organized by the Internationale Sport-Korrespondenz (ISK), a sports journalist agency in Germany.
• It was held  on 19th December 2021 at the prestigious Kurhaus Baden-Boden.

• The India State of Forest Report is published by the Forest Survey of India working under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the 16th biennial assessment has been done in 2019.
• States with highest forest cover percentage in India:-
•  Mizoram (85.41%)> Arunachal Pradesh (79.63%)> Meghalaya (76.33%)> Manipur (75.46%)> Nagaland (75.41%). Is As compared to the 2017 report, there is 3,976 sq km of forest cover in the country. overall increase.

Important facts:

• The total area covered by forests and trees in the country is 8,07,276 sq km. 
• Which is 24.56% of the total geographical area and the National Forest Policy of India, 1988 envisages a target of keeping 33% of the country's geographical area under forest and tree cover.

Geographical aspects:
Types of Natural Vegetation in India:

• Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests
• Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests
• Dry Deciduous Forests
• Mountain Forests
• Tidal or Mangrove Forests
• Semi-Desert and Desert Vegetations

Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests:

• The Tropical Evergreen rain forests are found in the areas where precipitation is more than 200 cm. 
• They are largely found in the Northeastern regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, the Western Ghats, the Tarai areas of the Himalayas, and the Andaman groups of Islands. 

Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests:-

• The Deciduous forests are found on the lower slope of the Himalayas, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra Jharkhand, and the adjoining areas.  
• The precipitation in this area is between 100 cm and 200 cm. 

Dry deciduous forests:-

• These forests grow in areas where the precipitation is between 50 cm and 100 cm. 
• These are mainly seen in the areas of the Central Deccan plateau, Punjab, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and South-east of Rajasthan.

Political aspects:-

• Forests are included in the Concurrent List in the (Seventh Schedule) of the Constitution of India.
• Through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds were transferred from State to Concurrent List.
• Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
• Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Indian President Ramnath Kovind, during his 3-day state visit to Bangladesh for attending the golden jubilee celebration of Bangladesh’s Independence, visited the National Martyrs’ Memorial, Dhaka and paid tributes to the martyrs of the Liberation War of Bangladesh. The Indian President also planted an ‘Ashoka’ sapling at the memorial garden. 
Bangladesh 
Capital of Bangladesh : Dhaka
Currency of Bangladesh : Taka 
President of Bangladesh : Mr. Abdul Hamid 
Prime Minister of Bangladesh : Sheikh Hasina

• Himachal Pradesh won its first Vijay Hazare trophy  by defeating Tamilnadu by 11 runs in the final of the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2021-22.
• The final was played at Sawai Man Singh stadium ,Jaipur on 26 December 2021.
• Vijay Hazare is the premier  50-50 overs  domestic cricket tournament .

China has become the 40th country to get malaria-free status by WHO.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• Since 2015, 9 countries have been certified by the WHO Director-General as malaria-free, including Maldives (2015), Sri Lanka (2016), Kyrgyzstan (2016), Paraguay (2018), Uzbekistan (2018), Argentina (2019), Algeria (2019), China (2021) and El Salvador (2021).
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
• In 2020, there were an estimated 241 million cases of malaria worldwide.
• The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. In 2020, the region was home to 95% of malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths. Children under 5 accounted for about 80% of all malaria deaths in the Region.
• Malaria is transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles.
• Elimination is defined by the WHO as interruption of local transmission or reduction to zero incidence of indigenous cases of malaria parasite species in a defined geographic area.
• The Government of India has unveiled a plan to eliminate Malaria by 2030. 

Dr. Amit Kesarwanihas been honored with the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Scientist Awardfor the year 2021 by ‘The Society of Tropical Agriculture’ at the 11th Annual Convention.

• He is an assistant professor in agronomy in the Agriculture College of GB Pant Agriculture and Technology University, Uttarakhand.

• It   is an annual  competition between golf teams  from  the United States  and  Europe .
• The United States team defeated the European team 19–9 to win the Ryder Cup.
• This is the biggest victory margin since 1967.

• Kolkata metro started its operation in 1984
• Delhi metro started its operation in 2002
• Namma Metro ,Bengaluru started in 2011
• Rapid Metro Gurgaon started  in 2013
• Mumbai metro started  in 2014
• At present Metro train service is in operation or under construction in 18 cities .
• The newest metro in India is Nagpur metro which started its operation in August 2021.
• The Largest metro network in India is of Delhi Metro ,348 km operational 
• The shortest metro network in India is  Ahmedabad metro 6 Km 
•  The first metro in the world was started in London in 1890.

On January 16, 2021, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inaugurated the first state bird festival  'Kalrav''.
Important facts:

• Organized from 15 January 2021, this bird festival ended on 17 January 2021.
• The festival was organized by the state's Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to create awareness among people about birds, especially migratory birds.
• Nagi- Nakti Bird Sanctuary
• The Nagi-Natki Bird Sanctuary has been home to a wide variety of birds and migratory birds, which migrate during the winter from places such as Eurasia, Central Asia, the Arctic Circle, Russia and northern China.
• More than 136 species of birds can be seen in these sanctuaries.

Honshu is the largest island. 

Important facts
Island of Honshu

• Honshu is the largest island.
• It  is also the seventh  largest island in the world.
• The capital of Japan is located on the island of Honshu .
• Major cities : Tokyo, Hiroshima, Osaka-Kyoto, Nagoya, Sendai, Yokohama, Niigata
• Major Mountains : Mount Fuji (highest point in Japan at 12,388 feet [3,776 m]), Mount Kita, 
• Lake Biwa (the largest lake in Japan), Mutsu Bay, Lake Inawashiro, Tokyo Bay

Geographical aspect-
The "mainland" of Japan consists of four primary islands: 

• The order of the islands of Japan from north to south is: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
• Tokyo is the capital and largest city of Japan. 
• Japan consists of  more than 4000  small islands, of which  more than 430  are inhabited.
• The Japanese archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of the continent of Asia. 
• Japan is the largest country without borders in terms of geographical area.

Hokkaido Island-

• Hokkaido is the northernmost and second largest of the main Japanese islands. 
• Major cities : Sapporo, Hakodate, Obiaro, Asahikawa, Obihiro, Kitami, Shari
• Major mountains:  Mount Asahi (7,516 feet (2,291 m] highest point on the island), Mount Haku

Kyushu Island-

• Kyushu, the third largest of Japan's large islands, is to the southwest of Honshu. 
• The largest city of the island  is Fukuoka  .
• Kyushu  is known as the "Land of Fire " because of its series of active volcanoes, including Mount Kuju and Mount Aso.
• Major cities : Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Kagoshima
• Major Mountains:  Mount Aso (active volcano), Mount Kuju, Mount Surumi, 
• Other major geographical features : Kumagawa River (the largest on Kyushu), Ebino Plateau,

Shikoku Island-

• Shikoku is the smallest of the four islands and lies east of Kyushu and southeast of Honshu. 
• There are no volcanoes on Shikoku.
• Shikoku is home to a  Buddhist pilgrimage center  known around the world. 
• It is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers in the world.
• Major cities : Matsuyama, Kochi
• Major Mountains : Mount Sasagamine, Mount Higashi-Ekashi, 
• Other major geographical features : Inland Sea, Bingonada Sea, Iyo-Nada Sea

Confusing Points-

• The order of the islands of Japan from north to south is: Hokkaido , Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.

Some important islands of the world-:
Greenland- The largest island in the world is Greenland, located in the North Atlantic, with an area of 2,166,086 km².
It is situated between the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
New Guinea- The second largest island is New Guinea which is located in the southwestern Pacific and has an area of about 785,753 km²
Borneo Island- The third largest island is Borneo which is located in the west central Pacific and has an area of about 743,330 km². It is also the longest island in Asia.
Madagascar- The fourth largest island is Madagascar which is located in the Indian Ocean, its area is about 587,041 km².
Baffin- The 5th largest island is Baffin which is located in the North Atlantic, its area is about 507,451 km². Baffin is the longest island in Canada.
Sumatra- The sixth largest island is Sumatra, which is located in the Northeast Indian Ocean.
Its area is about 473,481 km².
Honshu- The 7th largest island is Honshu which is located in the Sea of Japan-Pacific, its area is about 227,960 km²
It is the main island of Japan and its largest island.
Great-UK- The 8th largest island is Great Britain which is located off the coast of NW Europe and has an area of about 209,331 km²
It is the largest island in Europe.
Victoria- The 9th largest island is Victoria which is located in the Arctic Ocean, its area is about 217,291 km²
Victoria Island is located in Canada and is the second largest island in Canada.

Planets of the Solar System

• The order of the planets in increasing order of density - Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune, Mars, Venus, Mercury, Earth
• The order of the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Order of planets in increasing order of size - Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter
• The order of the planets in increasing order according to their revolution velocity - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• The order of the planets in increasing order according to their revolution velocity - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Venus
• Order of planets in increasing order of mass - Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter
• Order of planets in increasing order according to temperature - Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus, Mercury

• China is the largest producer of silk in the world.
• Silk is a natural fiber used to make a variety of fabrics.
• Among the leading countries in the world's silk production, China (142000 metric tons) ranks first and India (31906 metric tons) is in second place.

IMPORTANT FACTS
The following countries are in the top five of the world's most productive in silk production

• China -  1,46,000 metric tons
• India -  28,708 metric tons
• Uzbekistan - 1,110 metric tons
• Thailand - 692 metric tons
• Brazil -  560 metric tons

Australia is a very rich country in terms of mineral wealth. Two mines are located on the south-west coast of Australia –

• Kalgoorlie
• Kulgardi

70% of Australia's gold is extracted from both of the above mines.
The first country in the production of gold in the world is China and the second country is Australia.
Australia is the third largest gold producer in the world.

IMPORTANT FACTS-:

• The continent of Australia is the smallest and least populated continent in the world.
• Australia is also called the "island continent" because it is surrounded by water from all sides.
• The continent of Australia was discovered by Captain James Cook.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECT-:

• Australia is the only continent located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere
• Along the east coast of the continent of Australia, a mountain called the Great Dividing Range is located from north to south.
• Located in the southeast of the continent of Australia, New Zealand is called the "Britain of the South".
• The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle of the continent of Australia.

CONFUSING POINTS-:

• The continent of Australia is also known as the "Land of Kangaroo", "The Land of Golden Fleece" and "Land of Thirsty".