BPSC Practice Test- 6 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

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• The Government of India budget consists of Capital Budget and Revenue Budget 
• The  Capital Budget consists of Capital Receipts and Capital expenditure .

Capital Receipts :

• Receipts means the money received by the government. The money received by the government can be debt creating or non -debt creating 

Debt Creating Capital receipt :

• It means loans raised by the government which have to be repaid with interest.
• For eg government borrowing from RBI, Banks, public, world bank etc.

 Non Debt Creating Capital Receipts :

• It means money received by the government which will not create debt on the government 
• For e.g - Money received by the government by selling its shares in public sector companies(disinvestment ), loans repaid by the state government on loans taken from central government (Interest paid on the loan will come under revenue receipt ), money received by the government on sale of Government properties  like land etc.

Capital Expenditure :

• It includes investment by government in   central public sector companies by buying its shares etc,
• Investment in plant and machinery,building of roads, bridges, railway tracks etc .
• Giving long term loans to state government or foreign government 

Revenue Budget: 

• It includes Revenue receipts and Revenue expenditure 

Revenue Receipts :

• Revenue receipts includes Tax Receipts and Non Tax receipts 

Tax receipts   All the money received by the government through taxes like Income Tax, Corporate tax, GST etc comes under tax receipt.
Non -Tax receipts :

• Money received by the government by collecting fees for providing various services . for e.g. fees paid by student in central schools,   collection from tolls on National Highway, 
• Interest received by the central government from the state government on the  loans taken from the central government . 

Revenue Expenditure:

• It is the expenditure on which government doesn't get any return 

For.eg.-

• Government payment of salary to its staff
• Government expenditure on subsidy, pension etc
• Government grant to state government or foreign government

Thus  option 3 will come under revenue expenditure or revenue budget . 

• SDR was introduced by the IMF in 1969 as an international reserve asset for the member countries .
• The value of the SDR was linked with the value of Gold.
• The gold system was abandoned  in 1973 and now the value of SDR is linked with a basket of currencies.
• The basket of currencies includes ,US Dollar, Great Britain Pound,   Euro, Chinese Renminbi, and Japanese Yen.
• The IMF has increased India’s SDR quota to 12.57 billion. It is equivalent to $17.86 billion at the latest exchange rate

• Dr. Urjit Patel became the 24th governor of Reserve Bank Of India on 24th september, 2016.
• Sir Osborne Smith was the First Governor of RBI.(April 1, 1935 – June 30, 1937)
• Sir C. D. Deshmukh was the first Indian Governor of RBI.(August 11, 1943 – June 30, 1949)
• Shaktikanta Das is the Current Governor of RBI. ( December 12, 2018 – to date )
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central bank. It controls the monetary policy concerning the national currency, the Indian rupee. The basic functions of the RBI are the issuance of currency, to sustain monetary stability in India, to operate the currency, and maintain the country’s credit system. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS:-

• The British enacted the Reserve Bank of India Act in 1934
• Reserve Bank of India was established on 1st of April in 1935, Calcutta
• Reserve Bank of India was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937 
• In 1949 RBI got nationalized.

FUNCTIONS OF RBI:-

• Issue of currency
• Banker to the government
• Banker's bank and supervisory
• Lender of last resort
• Custodian of Foreign Exchange
• Control of credit

COMPOSITION OF RBI:-

• RBI is controlled by central board of directors. The board of directors are appointed by Government of India for 4 years term period.
• Central board consists of Governor, 4 Deputy Governor, 2 finance ministry representatives, 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and New Delhi

ZONAL OFFICE:-

• RBI has four zonal offices: New Delhi for North, Chennai for South, Kolkata for East, and Mumbai for West. The Reserve Bank of India has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices at present.

A recessionary gap refers to the difference between real GDP and potential GDP in an economy, with the real being lower than the potential, which puts downward pressure on prices in the long run.

• Vishwa Shanti Stupa is a large white stupa in Rajgir, Nalanda District, Bihar, near Gitai Mandir. 
• Statues of the Buddha are mounted on stupa in four directions.
• The Vishwa Shanti Stupa Is Located On A 400 Metre High Hill. ”. This Place Is Also Called The Gridhakuta.

Important stupas related to Buddhism

• Mahabodhi Stupa  - Bodh Gaya.
• Sanchi Stupa - Madhya Pradesh.
• Shanti Stupa - Leh.
• Dhamekh Stupa - Sarnath.
• Kesaria Stupa - Bihar.
• Maha Stupa - Thotlakonda.

• This is a marriage related fair which is celebrated in the last of (ashadh) fourth month of hindu calendar.
• Saurath Sabha is a historic village located about 6 km northeast of Madhubani in Madhubani district of Bihar, India.
•  It is famous for the annual gathering of thousands of Maithili  Brahmins to match couples during the Hindu months of Jyeshtha-Ashadha.
• The gathering is held in an orchard covering 22 acres (bighas) of land, which is said to have been donated by the Maharaja of Darbhanga.
• It is an important social phenomenon in India that focuses on arranged marriages between Maithili  men and women according to their horoscope reading by the registrar.

Other important information

• Vaishali fair is organized in Vaishali, the birthplace of Mahavir.
• This fair is organized on the Tryodashi of Chaitra Shukla.
• Sonpur Mela (largest cattle fair) is organized in Sonpur and Saran district of Bihar.

• The Bihar Movement was a political movement started by students in the Indian state of Bihar in 1974.
• It was against misgovernance and corruption in the state government under the leadership of veteran Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, popularly known as JP.
• In 1974, socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) started a movement called Students for Democratic Governance in Bihar, which soon caught the popular imagination at the time.
• When India was becoming increasingly turbulent due to rising prices, rising unemployment and an apathetic Congress government.
• Center. Initially started as a student movement in Bihar, the idea soon spread like wildfire across India. When JP finally addressed a public meeting in Patna on June 5, 1974, and called for 'Sampoorna Kranti (total revolution)', around 500,000 people attended the rally.

• Located in Pavapuri, "Jal Mandir" near Rajgir and Bodh Gaya, Pawapuri is a town located in Nalanda district of Bihar state, India.
• It is a very holy city for the followers of Jainism as it is believed that Lord Mahavir attained salvation here.
• The entire city is situated on the hill of Kaimur.
• Mahavira, the real founder of Jainism and the 24th and last Tirthankar, was born in Kundagram Vaishali in 540 BC.
• Mahavir Swami gave his last sermon in Pavapuri and Mahavir died in Pavapuri.
• Panch Anuvrat – It was mandatory for householders.
• Non-violence
• Satya Anuvrat
• Asteya Anuvrat
• Non-possessiveness
• Brahmacharya Anuvrat.

The main source of authentic history of Mithila's musical tradition is RajTarangini.
Other key points J

• The tradition of Gitinatya was being formed in the courts of Mithila, which is called 'Kirtaniya Natak'.
• Kirtaniya plays often began with the chanting of the character of Shiva or Krishna. But they were not religious plays.
• Kirtaniya was performed at night and had its own special music called naadi.

Important centers of Dhrupad song in Bihar

• Amta (Darbhanga)
• Dumraon (Buxar)
• Bettiah (West Champaran)

Note:- Gaya is the main center of Thumri in Bihar.

• Patna news was published by the Government during the Quit India Movement.
• The Quit India movement was a mass civil disobedience against British rule, launched on 8 August 1942 by Mahatma Gandhi 
• Bihar was one of the major centers of the movement which saw seven students leading a protest rally in Patna getting killed in firing ordered by the then city magistrate WC Archer, while they were heading to hoist the tricolor on top of the secretariat building.

Other Important Information

• The Quit India Movement is one of India’s most important freedom struggle movements that led to the end of British rule in India. 
• On 8 August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Quit India Movement or Bharat Chodo Aandolan from Bombay. 
• Gandhiji gave the slogan “Do or Die” in his speech at the Gwalia Tank Maidan, now popularly known as August Kranti Maidan in Mumbai.
• The slogan ‘Quit India’ was coined by Yusuf Meherally who was a socialist and also a trade unionist. He also served as Mayor of Mumbai. He also coined the slogan “Simon Go Back”.

Some of the popular leaders who participated in the Quit India Movement were:

• Aruna Asif Ali: Also known as Grand Old Lady of India, she unfurled the tricolour at Gwalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.
• Ram Manohar Lohia
• Usha Mehta
• Biju Patnaik
• Sucheta Kriplani
• Jai Prakash Narayan
• Muslim League, the Communist Party of India and the Hindu Mahasabha did not support the movement.

• Mithila: Nepal and parts of Bihar collectively form the region called Mithila. In Ramayana, Janaka was the king of Mithila and Sita was the princess.
• The art is practiced in the Mithila region and is said to have originated during the era of Janaka. Hence it was named Mithila Painting.

IMPORTANT POINTS 

• Maithili: A language mainly spoken in the Mithila region. Another name of Princess Sita is Maithili.
• Madhubani: A small town in Bihar which has contributed the most to this art and hence Mithila painting is also called Madhubani painting.
• Women have a full role in this
• The main artists of Madhubani painting are Koshalya Devi, Siya Devi, Sasikala Devi etc.
• Mithila or Madhubani painting is part of the tradition of folk paintings prevalent from the Stone Age.
• Mithila/Madhubani paintings are famous not only in India but all over the world.
• Madhubani painting is a folk art

There are two types of Madhubani paintings

• Murals
• Aripan

• The original name of Patna was Pataliputra or Patalipattan and its history starts from 600 BC.
• The name of Patna in its early stages has gone through many changes like Patligram, Kusumpur, Patliputra, Azimabad etc., which eventually lapsed into the present day.
• Chandragupta Maurya made it his capital in the 4th century AD.
• Patna (Pataliputra) was founded by Ajatashatru. Therefore, Patna is inextricably linked with the ancient Pataliputra.
• Patna is one of the oldest cities in India. It was known as Azimabad during the Mughal period.

The Shivalik hills and Terai region of the north-:

• There is a small area located in the north-west of Bihar, whose total area is about 932 sq.km.
• The Shivalik range (Himalaya Mountains) extends up to the northern boundary of West Champaran in Bihar (northwest Bihar).

It can be divided into 3 subdivisions.

• Someshwara Range
• Ramnagar Doon Hill,
• Haraha Valley (Valley of Doon)

Someshwara Range-:

• The Someshwar range extends from the apex of the Triveni canal to the Bhikhnathori (Indo-Nepal border) in the west.
• Someshwar hill is the highest hill of Bihar.
• The maximum height of the Someshwar range is 609.3 meters in the north, while the height of the Someshwar fort built on this range is 879.4 meters above sea level.
• There are many passes in this area, which are formed due to the flow of rivers.
• Among these, Someshvar, Bhikhnathori, and Pus are prominent.
• Through these passes, there is contact between Bihar and Nepal.

Parasnath-:

• The Parasnath Hills are a range of hills located in the Giridih district of Jharkhand.
• The highest peak is 1350 m.
• It is one of the most important pilgrimage center for Jains.
• They call it Sammed Shikhar.
• The hill is named Parasnath after the 23rd Tirthankara.

Major waterfalls, water bodies and their origin in Bihar

• Saptadhara or Satgharwa:- Rajgir
• Brahmakund  :-  Rajgir
• Suryakund :-  Rajgir
• Nanak Kund :- Rajgir
• Makhdum Kund :- Rajgir
• Gaumukh Kund :- Rajgir
• Laxman Kund :- Munger 
• Sita Kund :- Munger 
• Rameshwar Kund :- Munger 
• Rishi Kund :- Munger 
• Birth Kund :- Munger 
• Shringar Rishi Kund :- Munger 
• Bharari Kund :- Munger 
• Agni Kund :- Gaya

Bihar : General Information

• State Name – Bihar, It is believed that due to the abundance of Buddhist monasteries (Viharas) in this region, the region was named Bihar.
• Statehood (Bihar Day) - March 22, 1912
• State Capital - Patna (Other names are Pataliputra, Pushppur, Kusumpur and Azimabad in ancient times.)
• Geographical location of the state between -24°20'10" to 27°31'15" north latitude and 83°19'50" to 88°17'40" east longitude
• The area of the state is -94,163 sq. km. (13th largest state in the country)
• Length from north to south -345 km.
• Length from east to west -483 km.
• States bordering the state -3 [West Bengal (East), Uttar Pradesh (West) and Jharkhand (South)]
• The country bordering the state - Nepal (in the north)
• Total Geographical Area (All over India) -2.86% 
• Districts bordering Nepal-7 [West Champaran, East Champaran, Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Supaul, Araria and Kishanganj]
• District 8 bordering Uttar Pradesh [Rohtas, Kaimur, Buxar, Bhojpur, Saran, Siwan, Gopalganj and West Champaran]
• Districts bordering West Bengal -3 [Kishanganj, Purnia and Katihar]
• Districts bordering Jharkhand-8 [Bhagalpur, Banka, Jamui, Nawada, Gaya, Aurangabad, Rohtas and Katihar]
• District-9 [Arwal, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Lakhisarai, Begusarai, Samastipur, Vaishali, Saran, Bhojpur] adjoining the capital of Bihar Patna
• Largest district in terms of area - West Champaran
• Smallest district in terms of area - Sheohar (There are total 38 districts in Bihar.)
• Northernmost District - West Champaran
• Southernmost district - Gaya
• Western most district - Kaimur
• Easternmost District - Kishanganj
• Highest rainfall district - Kishanganj
• The districts with minimum rainfall are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad and Gaya.
• Hottest place- Gaya
• The average distance from the beach is-200 km.
• Total population of the state (Census-2011)-10,40,99,452 (3rd place in the country)
• In terms of total population, the third place in the country (first - Uttar Pradesh, while the second - Maharashtra)
• Population Density (person/sq.km.) - 1,106 (1st in the country)
• Most Populated District -  Patna (58,38,465)
• District with minimum population - Sheikhpura (6,36,342)
• District with highest decadal growth rate of population - Madhepura (31.12%)
• District with lowest decadal growth rate of population - Gopalganj (19.02%)
• District with highest population density - Sheohar (1880 persons/sq.km.)
• District with minimum population density - Kaimur (Bhabua) (488 persons/sq.km.)
• Literacy rate (as per 2011, census) - about 61.80% (71.20% male, 51.50% female)
• District with highest per capita income - Patna
• District with minimum per capita income - Sheohar (Madhepura in other source)
• District with highest literacy rate - Rohtas (73.37%)
• District with lowest literacy rate - Purnia (51.08%)
• District with highest male literacy rate - Rohtas (82.88%)
• District with lowest male literacy rate - Purnia (59.06%)
• District with highest female literacy rate - Rohtas (62.97%)
• District with lowest female literacy rate - Saharsa (41.68%)
• Sex Ratio - 918
• District with highest sex ratio - Gopalganj (1021)
• District with lowest sex ratio  - Munger (876)
• Child Sex Ratio (0–6 Years) - 935
• District with highest child sex ratio - Kishanganj (971)
• District with lowest child sex ratio  - Vaishali (904)
• District with highest urban population  - Patna (25,14,590)
• District with minimum urban population - Sheohar (28,116)
• Highest percentage of urban population - Patna (43.07%)
• Minimum percentage of urban population - Samastipur (3.47%)
• Scheduled Castes (SC) -15.9% of the total population
• Highest Scheduled Caste Population District      - Gaya (13,343,51)
• District with highest percentage of SC population - Gaya (30.39%)
• District with minimum scheduled caste population - Sheohar (96,655)
• District with Minimum Scheduled Caste Population Percentage  - Kishanganj (6.69%)
• Scheduled Tribes (ST)  -1.3% of the total population
• District with highest ST population - West Champaran (250046)
• District with minimum ST population - Sheohar (318)
• District with highest percentage of ST population - West Champaran (6.35%)
• Districts with minimum percentage of ST population  - Aurangabad, Khagaria and Samastipur.
• No. of Divisions/Commissioners-09 (Koshi, Darbhanga, Saran, Bhagalpur, Patna, Tirhut, Munger, Magadha and Purnia)
• No. of Districts - 38
• No. of Sub-Divisions  - 101
• Block No. - 534
• No. of Panchayats  - 8,471 
• No. of Police Stations (Station)  - 853
• No. of Revenue Villages - 45,103
• Number of Lok Sabha Members - 40
• No. of Rajya Sabha members - 16
• Number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes in Lok Sabha  - 6
• Legislature - bicameral (upper house - legislative council, lower house - assembly)
• Number of Vidhan Sabha Members - 243
• Number of Legislative Council Members - 75
• State Symbol - Bodhi tree (located between two swastikas)
• Official language - Hindi
• Second official language - Urdu
• State fish – Mangur

Chilika Lake-:

• Chilika Lake is located in the south of the Mahanadi delta in the state of Orissa.
• It is the largest salt water lake in India
• One of the largest brackish water lakes in India, it is 40 miles (65 km) long, 8 to 20 km wide and about 2 meters deep.
• Chilka is the largest lagoon in Asia and the second largest in the world. In 1981, Chilka Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
• A part of the ocean is separated by continuous deposition of sediments in the coastal areas, it is called lagoon lake.
• Chilka is a lagoon lake.
• Lagoon lakes located on the western coast of India are locally known as Kayal.

Lakes-:
Two things are necessary for the origin of lakes

• pit for water collection
• Water supply (whether from rain, river, glacier or spring)
• Most of the lakes in the world have been formed by glaciation.
• The study of lakes is called "limnology".
• Under this, the formation process of lakes, their shape and geographical location is studied.

classification of lakes

• Earthquake or Elevated Lake−: Lake Geneva (Switzerland)
• Rift Valley Lake−: Dead Sea, Tanganyika, Baikal etc.
• Navasthal or Navabhoomi Lake−:Caspian Sea

Lakes formed by volcanic action
Lava Dam/Surface Barrier or Coolie Lake−:

• Lake Tana (Africa) Nicaragua (Central America) Some lakes in Iceland.

Crater Lake−:

• Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, Lonar Lake in India.

Himtal/Tarn/Kori/Glint Lake-:

• Many such lakes are found in Norway, Sweden, Scotland, France, Italy.
• Most of these types of lakes are found in Finland.
• It is also known as 'The Garden of Lakes'.

Glacier or Paternoster Lake-:

• When glacial topography is formed at different altitudes by the erosion of mountain or valley glaciers, then a series of lakes are formed between those steps due to the melting of glaciers.
• These lakes are called Paternoster lakes or Malakar lakes.

Antifreeze or Piedmont Lake-:

• Some lakes have been formed due to glacial erosion in the foothills of the Alps etc. Mountains; For example, Lucerne, Constance etc.

Lakes formed by rivers-:

• Fall Lake Example - Chachai Lake (Mirzapur) Grandkuli Lake (Washington).
• Delta lake Example- Kolleru lake between Krishna and Godavari rivers.
• The deltaic lakes located in the Ganges delta are called Bhil.

Important facts-:

• The world's highest navigable lake Lake Titicaca (Bolivia)
• World's largest lake Caspian Sea (in terms of area)
• India's highest lake Gurudongmar (5425 m) Lake
• Lake Baikal (Siberia) is the deepest lake in the world
• World's largest freshwater lake Lake Superior (USA-Canada)
• World's highest salt water lake Pangong Tso (in Ladakh-Tibet)
• Wan Lake, the world's largest salt water lake
• The world's largest caldera, Lake Toba (Indonesia)
• The Aral Sea Lake is located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Lake Victoria is located in the middle of East African countries (Tanzania-Kenya-Zaire). It is the largest lake in Africa.
• Lake Victoria forms the international border between Tanzania and Uganda.

BIHAR-:

• In the north of Bihar is the country of Nepal and in the east is West Bengal, in the west is Uttar Pradesh and in the south is the state of Jharkhand.
• To the north of Bihar lies the country of Nepal.
• Bihar is bordered by Nepal: West Champaran, East Champaran, Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Supaul, Araria and Kishanganj.
• The length of the India-Nepal international border is about 1750 km.
• This boundary line passes through states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand and Sikkim, the length of the border with Bihar alone is 720 km.
• To the west of Bihar is the state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000 to form a new state.
• Jharkhand meets Rohtas Aurangabad Gaya Nawada Jamui Banka Bhagalpur and Katihar district of Bihar
• The state of Bihar came into existence only after the partition of Bengal.
• Kishanganj of Bihar meets the border of Purnia and Katihar districts of West Bengal.
• On the western border of Bihar is the state of Uttar Pradesh
• 8 districts of Bihar are adjacent to the border of Uttar Pradesh
• The districts of Bihar which are adjacent to the border of Uttar Pradesh include West Champaran, Gopalganj, Siwan, Saran, Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas districts.

India neighbors-:

• India shares its border with only seven countries.
• India's neighboring countries are Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan.
• While India's maritime neighbors are Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia.
• Sri Lanka is India's nearest neighbor across the ocean.
• The Palk Strait separates India from Sri Lanka.
• Our second nearest neighbor is Indonesia.

Indian States/Union Territories touching the border of neighboring countries of India-:

• Pakistan-:Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• China-:Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Myanmar-:Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
• Bangladesh-:Mizoram, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal
• Nepal-:Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal
• Bhutan-:Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh

States/Union Territories of India surrounded by neighboring countries of India-:

• Sikkim-:Surrounded by Nepal, China and Bhutan.
• West Bengal-:Nepal is surrounded by Bhutan and Bangladesh.
• Ladakh-:China is surrounded by Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Survey of India Department-:

• The Survey of India Department, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, is the central agency for mapping and surveying India.
• The Survey of India Department or Survey of India was formed in 1767 to organize the territories of the British India Company.
• In 1767 AD, Major James Renley was appointed the first Surveyor General of Bengal.
• It is one of the oldest scientific departments of the Government of India.
• The Survey of India has the distinction of printing India's first postage stamp and printing the first copy of the Constitution.
• Its motto is 'Setu Himachalam - from Kanyakumari to the Himalayas'.
• Its headquarter is located in Dehradun.
• The Survey of India is engaged in the production and maintenance of topographical, geographical and other public range maps/data as well as the production of geodetic data.

Geological Survey of India Department-:

• The Geological Survey of India is an organization functioning under the Ministry of Mines, Government of India. It was established in 1851. Its function is to conduct geological surveys and studies.
• The Geological Survey of India (GSI) department was established in the year 1851 mainly for the purpose of exploring the available coal reserves in India for the railways.
• The main function of GSI is to carry out national geo-scientific information and mineral resource assessment and modernization.
• It is headquartered in Kolkata and has state unit offices in almost all the states of the country and six regional offices located at Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong and Kolkata.
• Presently GSI is functioning as a subsidiary body of the Ministry of Mines.

Ministry of Defence-:

• The main function of the Ministry of Defense is to formulate policy directions on defense and security related matters and convey them to the Headquarters of the Security Forces, Inter-Services Organisations, Defense Product Establishments and R&D Organizations for their implementation.
• The Ministry of Defense is a combination of four departments.
• It consists of the Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Defense Excise (DDP), Department of Defense Research and Development (DDR&D) and Ex-Servicemen Welfare and Finance Division.

The Garo, Khasi Jaintia, Naga and Mizo hills together form the Purvanchal range.
Meghalaya Plateau or Shillong Plateau

• The Shillong plateau is not an independent plateau, but it is a part of the plateau of peninsular India.
• Although the location of the Shillong plateau is close to the Himalayas, it is actually an eastern extension of the Rajmahal hill.
• An extensive part of the Peninsular Plateau is also visible to the northeast, locally known as the Meghalaya or Shillong Plateau, also known as the Karbi-Anglong Plateau or the North Cachar Hills.
• The Shillong plateau consists of five hills – Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Mikir and Rengma.
• The Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills included in the Shillong plateau are located in the state of Meghalaya.
• Mikir and Rengma hills are located in the state of Assam under the Shillong plateau.
• Nokrek, the highest peak of the Shillong plateau, is situated under the Garo hill.
• The sequence of hills from west to east is Garo-Khasi-Jaintia-Naga.
• The Garo, Khasi hills comprise the Shillong plateau of Meghalaya.
• The Purvanchal range mainly includes the Patkai, Barail, Manipur, Mizoram and Naga Hills hills.
• The plateau is mainly composed of Dharvarian (Archaean) quartzite, Nice, schist and granite.
• Its average altitude is 1500 meters above sea level.
• To the north of this plateau is the Brahmaputra basin.
• The Surma River enters this plateau from Assam and meets the Meghna River in Bangladesh.

Zaskar mountain range-:

• Zaskar mountain range 80º BC. It is separated from the Great Himalayas by a line of longitude and is situated parallel to the Great Himalayas.
• The Ladakh mountain range, located to the north of this range, runs parallel to this range. The average height of the Jaskar mountain range is 5800 m. but only a few of its peaks are 6000 m. are higher than
• 'Nanga Parbat' is the highest peak of this mountain range, whose height is 8126 m. is |
• The length of this mountain range is about 300 km. 

Karakoram mountain range:- 

• It is the northernmost mountain range in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains.
• This mountain range forms India's border with Afghanistan and China.
• It ranges from Pamir in the west to 800 km in the east.
• The average width of this mountain range is 120-140 km.
• Many high peaks are located here, some of which have a height of more than 8000 m. 
• The second highest mountain peak of the world is located in the Indian region, 'K-2' is found in the Karakoram mountain range.
• The British have named 'K-2' peak 'Godwin Austin' and the Chinese have named it 'Kogir'.

Blood is known as connective tissue
Related points 
Blood performs the following functions:
Transport

• Blood transports oxygen from the respiratory surface i.e. lungs, buccal cavity to body tissues and carbon dioxide from tissue to respiratory surface.
• Blood transports digested food to different cells of the body.
• Blood transports the waste products of cells and organs to the kidneys, lungs, skin and intestine, so that they may be eliminated.

Chemical coordination

• Hormones produced by endocrine glands are distributed to the vital tissues by the blood.

Defense against infection

• When bacteria or any other disease-causing pathogen enters the body. It is destroyed by WBCs (one type of WBCs; called lymphocytes produce Antibodies against specific pathogens) and so immunity against the disease is created in the body.

Clotting of blood

• To prevent excess bleeding, blood platelets, and some protein form clot so as to prevent further bleeding.

Temperature regulation

• The heat produced by deeper tissues is taken to the body surface so that it may be given out and thus body temperature is maintained.

Maintenance of pressure

• Arteries produce a proper pressure of blood that helps to balance the atmospheric pressure.

Because the soft plate is nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system.
Related points-
The functions of the respiratory system are:-

• Oxygen supplier. The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen.
• Elimination. Elimination of carbon dioxide.
• Gas exchange. The respiratory system organs oversee the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment.
• Passageway. Passageways that allow air to reach the lungs.
• Humidifier. Purify, humidify, and warm incoming air.

Root hairs do not contain chloroplast(plastid) because root hairs are present in dark and do not carry out the process of photosynthesis.
Related points

• Root is generally non-green, underground, positively geotropic (only main root), positively hydrotropic and often negatively phototropic descending cylindrical axis of the plant body.
• The root which develops from the radicle of the embryo is called primary root. Primary root bears lateral roots called secondary roots, which are further branched into tertiary roots and so on, e.g. many dicot plants.
• Primary roots and its branches constitute tap root system. In monocot plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots originated from the base of stem and constitute the fibrous roots, e.g. wheat, rice, etc.
• In grasses, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than radicle and are known as adventitious roots. A typical root consists of a cap-like structure called root cap (root pockets in hydrophytes like Lemna, Eichhomia and Pistia) region, i.e. the region of meristematic activity, the region of cell elongation and region of maturation.
• Root hair are found in the region of maturation, which absorb water and minerals from the soil.

The book ‘Systema Naturae’ was written by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735.
Specification of this book-

• Carl Linnaeus is known as the “Father of Modern Taxonomy”.
• In his book “Systema Naturae” (1735), he gave the hierarchical system of classification of the natural world into the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, and the mineral kingdom.

Observation-

• He understood the importance of floral characters and classified plants based on the number of stamens present in them.
• It is also known as the sexual system of classification.
• Linnaeus is considered the father of taxonomy and was the first to use binomial nomenclature for organisms.
• He described all known species of plant, animal, and mineral in his book “Systema Naturae”

The major source of vitamins and minerals for vegetarians are vegetables and fruits.
Related points

• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
• Based on the solubility, Vitamins have been classified into two different groups:

Fat-soluble vitamin

• Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the fat cells and as the name suggests, these vitamins require fat in order to be absorbed. Vitamin A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins.

Water-soluble vitamin

• Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in our body as their excess gets excreted through the urine. Therefore, these vitamins need to be replenished constantly. Vitamin B and C are water-soluble vitamins.

About Minerals

• Minerals are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally

• Hydrocarbon causes cancer.

Hydrocarbons:

• Hydrocarbons are composed of hydrogen and carbon only

Sources of Hydrocarbon:

• They are formed by incomplete combustion of fuel used in automobiles.

Harmful effects of Hydrocarbon:

• Hydrocarbons are carcinogenic, i.e., they cause cancer.
• They harm plants by causing ageing, breakdown of tissues and shedding of leaves, flowers and twigs.

Lemon juice is put into pure water in order to pass electricity through it.
This is because pure water is a poor conductor of electricity.

IMPORTANT FACTS -

• Water containing minerals and salt conduct electricity.
• Distilled water does not conduct electricity.
• Solution of acids and bases conduct electricity.
• Air is a bad conductor of electricity but in case of thunderstorms and lightning it carries electric charges through it.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION
Kerosene oil and Sugar are poor conductors of electricity.  

Plaster of Paris is used in chemistry labs for sealing air-gaps in apparatus where air tight arrangement is required
Properties of Plaster of Paris-
1. It is a white powder
2. It has a remarkable property of setting into hard mass on wetting with water .
Therefore , it is used in chemistry labs for sealing air gaps in apparatus .