Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage. I think Indian firms have achieved the highest levels of efficiency in the world software outsourcing industry. Some researchers have assumed that Indian firms use the same programming languages and techniques as Chinese firms but have benefited from their familiarity with English, the language used to write software code. However, if this were true, then one would expect software vendors in Hong Kong, where most people speak English, to perform not worse than Indian vendors do. However, this is obviously not the case. Other researchers link high Indian productivity to higher levels of human resource investment per engineer. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Indian vendors matched and then doubled Chinese productivity levels in the mid-eighties, human resource investment per employee was comparable to that of Chinese vendors. Furthermore, by the late eighties, the amount of fixed assets required to develop one software package was roughly equivalent in India and in China. Since human resource investment was not higher in India, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Indian strategic approach in outsourcing. Indian software vendors did not simply seek outsourced contract more effectively: they made aggressive strategy in outsourcing. For instance, most software firms of India were initially set up to outsource the contract in western countries, such as the United States. By contrary, most Chinese firms seem to position their business in China, a promising yet under-developed market. However, rampant piracy in China took almost 90 percent of potential market, making it impossible for most Chinese firms to obtain sufficient compensation for the investment on development and research, let alone thrive in competitive environment. Q. Which of the following statements concerning the productivity levels of engineers can be inferred from the passage?

Before the 1980s, the productivity levels of the top Indian software firms were matched by those of Chinese software firms.

The official language of a country has a large effect on the productivity levels of its software developers.

During mid 1980s, Indian software vendors surpassed the efficiency levels of their Chinese counterparts.

The greater the number of engineers a software firm has, the higher a firm's productivity level.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage. I think Indian firms have achieved the highest levels of efficiency in the world software outsourcing industry. Some researchers have assumed that Indian firms use the same programming languages and techniques as Chinese firms but have benefited from their familiarity with English, the language used to write software code. However, if this were true, then one would expect software vendors in Hong Kong, where most people speak English, to perform not worse than Indian vendors do. However, this is obviously not the case. Other researchers link high Indian productivity to higher levels of human resource investment per engineer. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Indian vendors matched and then doubled Chinese productivity levels in the mid-eighties, human resource investment per employee was comparable to that of Chinese vendors. Furthermore, by the late eighties, the amount of fixed assets required to develop one software package was roughly equivalent in India and in China. Since human resource investment was not higher in India, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Indian strategic approach in outsourcing. Indian software vendors did not simply seek outsourced contract more effectively: they made aggressive strategy in outsourcing. For instance, most software firms of India were initially set up to outsource the contract in western countries, such as the United States. By contrary, most Chinese firms seem to position their business in China, a promising yet under-developed market. However, rampant piracy in China took almost 90 percent of potential market, making it impossible for most Chinese firms to obtain sufficient compensation for the investment on development and research, let alone thrive in competitive environment. Q. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about Indian software developers?

Their productivity levels did not equal those of Chinese software engineers until the late eighties.

Their high efficiency levels were a direct result of English language familiarity.

They developed component-specific software.

They built products to meet outsourcing requirements of the western orders.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage. I think Indian firms have achieved the highest levels of efficiency in the world software outsourcing industry. Some researchers have assumed that Indian firms use the same programming languages and techniques as Chinese firms but have benefited from their familiarity with English, the language used to write software code. However, if this were true, then one would expect software vendors in Hong Kong, where most people speak English, to perform not worse than Indian vendors do. However, this is obviously not the case. Other researchers link high Indian productivity to higher levels of human resource investment per engineer. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Indian vendors matched and then doubled Chinese productivity levels in the mid-eighties, human resource investment per employee was comparable to that of Chinese vendors. Furthermore, by the late eighties, the amount of fixed assets required to develop one software package was roughly equivalent in India and in China. Since human resource investment was not higher in India, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Indian strategic approach in outsourcing. Indian software vendors did not simply seek outsourced contract more effectively: they made aggressive strategy in outsourcing. For instance, most software firms of India were initially set up to outsource the contract in western countries, such as the United States. By contrary, most Chinese firms seem to position their business in China, a promising yet under-developed market. However, rampant piracy in China took almost 90 percent of potential market, making it impossible for most Chinese firms to obtain sufficient compensation for the investment on development and research, let alone thrive in competitive environment. Q. The primary purpose of the passage is to

contrast possible outcomes of a type of business strategy

emphasise careful orientation of a business strategy to beat competition

illustrate various ways in which a type of business strategy could fail to enhance revenues

trace the general problems of a company to a certain type of business strategy

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage. I think Indian firms have achieved the highest levels of efficiency in the world software outsourcing industry. Some researchers have assumed that Indian firms use the same programming languages and techniques as Chinese firms but have benefited from their familiarity with English, the language used to write software code. However, if this were true, then one would expect software vendors in Hong Kong, where most people speak English, to perform not worse than Indian vendors do. However, this is obviously not the case. Other researchers link high Indian productivity to higher levels of human resource investment per engineer. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Indian vendors matched and then doubled Chinese productivity levels in the mid-eighties, human resource investment per employee was comparable to that of Chinese vendors. Furthermore, by the late eighties, the amount of fixed assets required to develop one software package was roughly equivalent in India and in China. Since human resource investment was not higher in India, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Indian strategic approach in outsourcing. Indian software vendors did not simply seek outsourced contract more effectively: they made aggressive strategy in outsourcing. For instance, most software firms of India were initially set up to outsource the contract in western countries, such as the United States. By contrary, most Chinese firms seem to position their business in China, a promising yet under-developed market. However, rampant piracy in China took almost 90 percent of potential market, making it impossible for most Chinese firms to obtain sufficient compensation for the investment on development and research, let alone thrive in competitive environment. Q. Which of the following statements best describes the organisation of the first paragraph?

A thesis is presented and supporting examples are provided.

Opposing views are presented, classified, and then reconciled.

An opinion is stated, and an explanation is advanced, and then refuted.

A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Alleviation of rural poverty has been one of the primary objectives of planned development in India. Ever since the inception of planning, the policies and the programmes have been designed and redesigned with this aim. The problem of rural poverty was brought into a sharper focus during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan too emphasised growth with social justice. It was realized that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on inversing the productive employment opportunities in the process of growth itself. However, to the extent the process of growth bypasses some sections of the population, it is necessary to formulate specific poverty alleviation programmes for generation of a certain minimum level of income for the rural poor. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. Increased participation of people in the rural development process, decentralisation of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit and inputs go a long way in providing the rural people with better prospects of economic development. Improvements in health, education, drinking water, energy supply sanitation and housing couple with attitudinal changes also facilitate their social development. Rural poverty is inextricably linked with low rural productivity and unemployment, including underemployment. Hence, it is imperative to improve productivity and increase employment in rural areas. Moreover, more employment needs to be generated at higher levels of productivity in order to generate higher output. Employment at miserably low levels of productivity and incomes is already a problem of far greater magnitude than unemployment as such. It was around 5 percent. As per the currently used methodology in the Planning Commission, poverty for the same year was estimated to be 30 percent. This demonstrates that even though a large proportion of the rural population was 'working' it was difficult for them to eke out a living even at subsistence levels from it. It is true that there has been a considerable decline in the incidence of rural poverty over time. In terms of absolute numbers of poor, the decline has been much less. While this can be attributed to the demographic factor, the fact remains that after 40 years of planned development about 200 million are still poor in rural India. Q. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as an important factor for rural development?

Ensuring better implementation of land reforms

Making credits and inputs accessible

Transferring planning from central to local authorities

Enhancing production in the various new industries in rural areas

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Alleviation of rural poverty has been one of the primary objectives of planned development in India. Ever since the inception of planning, the policies and the programmes have been designed and redesigned with this aim. The problem of rural poverty was brought into a sharper focus during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan too emphasised growth with social justice. It was realized that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on inversing the productive employment opportunities in the process of growth itself. However, to the extent the process of growth bypasses some sections of the population, it is necessary to formulate specific poverty alleviation programmes for generation of a certain minimum level of income for the rural poor. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. Increased participation of people in the rural development process, decentralisation of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit and inputs go a long way in providing the rural people with better prospects of economic development. Improvements in health, education, drinking water, energy supply sanitation and housing couple with attitudinal changes also facilitate their social development. Rural poverty is inextricably linked with low rural productivity and unemployment, including underemployment. Hence, it is imperative to improve productivity and increase employment in rural areas. Moreover, more employment needs to be generated at higher levels of productivity in order to generate higher output. Employment at miserably low levels of productivity and incomes is already a problem of far greater magnitude than unemployment as such. It was around 5 percent. As per the currently used methodology in the Planning Commission, poverty for the same year was estimated to be 30 percent. This demonstrates that even though a large proportion of the rural population was 'working' it was difficult for them to eke out a living even at subsistence levels from it. It is true that there has been a considerable decline in the incidence of rural poverty over time. In terms of absolute numbers of poor, the decline has been much less. While this can be attributed to the demographic factor, the fact remains that after 40 years of planned development about 200 million are still poor in rural India. Q. The passage mainly deals with

the shortcomings in the implementation of poverty alleviation

improvement in industrial growth strategies

methodology of Planning Commission

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Alleviation of rural poverty has been one of the primary objectives of planned development in India. Ever since the inception of planning, the policies and the programmes have been designed and redesigned with this aim. The problem of rural poverty was brought into a sharper focus during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan too emphasised growth with social justice. It was realized that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on inversing the productive employment opportunities in the process of growth itself. However, to the extent the process of growth bypasses some sections of the population, it is necessary to formulate specific poverty alleviation programmes for generation of a certain minimum level of income for the rural poor. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. Increased participation of people in the rural development process, decentralisation of planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit and inputs go a long way in providing the rural people with better prospects of economic development. Improvements in health, education, drinking water, energy supply sanitation and housing couple with attitudinal changes also facilitate their social development. Rural poverty is inextricably linked with low rural productivity and unemployment, including underemployment. Hence, it is imperative to improve productivity and increase employment in rural areas. Moreover, more employment needs to be generated at higher levels of productivity in order to generate higher output. Employment at miserably low levels of productivity and incomes is already a problem of far greater magnitude than unemployment as such. It was around 5 percent. As per the currently used methodology in the Planning Commission, poverty for the same year was estimated to be 30 percent. This demonstrates that even though a large proportion of the rural population was 'working' it was difficult for them to eke out a living even at subsistence levels from it. It is true that there has been a considerable decline in the incidence of rural poverty over time. In terms of absolute numbers of poor, the decline has been much less. While this can be attributed to the demographic factor, the fact remains that after 40 years of planned development about 200 million are still poor in rural India. Q. Which of the following necessitates formulation of specific poverty alleviation programmes?

Certain sections are not covered in the process of growth

The sharper focus given in the Sixth Plan

Extension of social justice to rural areas

To keep the rural population outside the periphery of growth

Below, one sentence is given in which one part may contain an error. Identify that part which contains any grammatical error. And the soon we get machines to do the things they can do, freeing up people to do what they can do, the happier and wealthier we all will be.

And the soon we get machines to do

the things they can do, freeing up

the happier and wealthier we all will be.

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Socialism stands for an organization of society, and more especially for an economic organization, radically opposed to, and differing from, the organization which prevails to-day. Capitalism in its present form is a comparatively modern phenomenon, owing its origin historically to the dissolution of the feudal system. The immediate causes of its accelerated development were the rapid invention of new kinds of machinery, and more especially that of steam as a motor power, which together inaugurated a revolution in the methods of production generally. Production on a small scale gave way to production on a large scale. The independent weavers, for example, each with his own loom, were wholly unable to compete with the mechanisms of the new factory; their looms, by being superseded, were virtually taken away from them; and these men, formerly their own masters, working with their own implements, and living by the sale of their own individual products, were compelled to pass under the sway of a novel class, the capitalists. Such was the rise of the capitalistic system; and when once it had been adequately organized, as it first was, in England, it proceeded to spread itself with astonishing rapidity, all other methods disappearing before it, through their own comparative inefficiency. When socialists turn from capitalism to socialism, and speak of how socialism has risen and spread likewise, their language, as thus applied, has no meaning whatever unless it is interpreted in a totally new sense. Capitalism rose and spread as an actual working system, which multiplied and improved the material appliances of life in a manner beyond the reach of the older system displaced by it. Socialism, on the other hand, has risen and spread thus far, not as a system which is threatening to supersede capitalism by its actual success as an alternative system of production, but merely as a theory or belief that such an alternative is possible. Socialism has produced resolutions at endless public meetings; it has produced discontent and strikes; it has hampered production constantly. But socialism has never inaugurated an improved chemical process; it has never bridged an estuary or built an ocean liner; it has never produced or cheapened so much as a lamp or a frying-pan. It is a theory that such things could be accomplished by the practical application of its principles; but it is thus far a theory only, and it is as a theory only that we can examine it. Q. What is the main point of the author is trying to make?

Socialism provides no tangible gains to efficiency and hence currently it is not a working economic model

Socialism, as long as it does not provide any economic justification for its propagation, would remain an economic model only on paper as opposed to Capitalism which spread as a working economic model

Capitalism spread by improving the efficiency of production and replacing less efficient economic systems while Socialism spread as alternative to capitalism without actually providing any tangible gains in efficiency

Capitalism spread because of the efficiency gains provided by the Industrial Revolution. Socialism, on the other hand, is more of an intellectual pursuit of people dissatisfied with the working conditions of labour post the industrial revolution

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Socialism stands for an organization of society, and more especially for an economic organization, radically opposed to, and differing from, the organization which prevails to-day. Capitalism in its present form is a comparatively modern phenomenon, owing its origin historically to the dissolution of the feudal system. The immediate causes of its accelerated development were the rapid invention of new kinds of machinery, and more especially that of steam as a motor power, which together inaugurated a revolution in the methods of production generally. Production on a small scale gave way to production on a large scale. The independent weavers, for example, each with his own loom, were wholly unable to compete with the mechanisms of the new factory; their looms, by being superseded, were virtually taken away from them; and these men, formerly their own masters, working with their own implements, and living by the sale of their own individual products, were compelled to pass under the sway of a novel class, the capitalists. Such was the rise of the capitalistic system; and when once it had been adequately organized, as it first was, in England, it proceeded to spread itself with astonishing rapidity, all other methods disappearing before it, through their own comparative inefficiency. When socialists turn from capitalism to socialism, and speak of how socialism has risen and spread likewise, their language, as thus applied, has no meaning whatever unless it is interpreted in a totally new sense. Capitalism rose and spread as an actual working system, which multiplied and improved the material appliances of life in a manner beyond the reach of the older system displaced by it. Socialism, on the other hand, has risen and spread thus far, not as a system which is threatening to supersede capitalism by its actual success as an alternative system of production, but merely as a theory or belief that such an alternative is possible. Socialism has produced resolutions at endless public meetings; it has produced discontent and strikes; it has hampered production constantly. But socialism has never inaugurated an improved chemical process; it has never bridged an estuary or built an ocean liner; it has never produced or cheapened so much as a lamp or a frying-pan. It is a theory that such things could be accomplished by the practical application of its principles; but it is thus far a theory only, and it is as a theory only that we can examine it. Q. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the author's main argument?

Unionized workforces are, on average, better compensated than nonunionized workforces

Manufacturing has concentrated in China due to the country's poor labour laws which prevent unionization of labour

The rise of Socialism renewed the optimism of the working classes and brought them together in improving their governmental structures

Factory heads that worked with their unions achieved better productivity levels than other factories

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Socialism stands for an organization of society, and more especially for an economic organization, radically opposed to, and differing from, the organization which prevails to-day. Capitalism in its present form is a comparatively modern phenomenon, owing its origin historically to the dissolution of the feudal system. The immediate causes of its accelerated development were the rapid invention of new kinds of machinery, and more especially that of steam as a motor power, which together inaugurated a revolution in the methods of production generally. Production on a small scale gave way to production on a large scale. The independent weavers, for example, each with his own loom, were wholly unable to compete with the mechanisms of the new factory; their looms, by being superseded, were virtually taken away from them; and these men, formerly their own masters, working with their own implements, and living by the sale of their own individual products, were compelled to pass under the sway of a novel class, the capitalists. Such was the rise of the capitalistic system; and when once it had been adequately organized, as it first was, in England, it proceeded to spread itself with astonishing rapidity, all other methods disappearing before it, through their own comparative inefficiency. When socialists turn from capitalism to socialism, and speak of how socialism has risen and spread likewise, their language, as thus applied, has no meaning whatever unless it is interpreted in a totally new sense. Capitalism rose and spread as an actual working system, which multiplied and improved the material appliances of life in a manner beyond the reach of the older system displaced by it. Socialism, on the other hand, has risen and spread thus far, not as a system which is threatening to supersede capitalism by its actual success as an alternative system of production, but merely as a theory or belief that such an alternative is possible. Socialism has produced resolutions at endless public meetings; it has produced discontent and strikes; it has hampered production constantly. But socialism has never inaugurated an improved chemical process; it has never bridged an estuary or built an ocean liner; it has never produced or cheapened so much as a lamp or a frying-pan. It is a theory that such things could be accomplished by the practical application of its principles; but it is thus far a theory only, and it is as a theory only that we can examine it. Q. Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?

An economic system which is evidently superior in terms of efficiency to other economic methods would soon supplant those methods

Socialism is on the rise because of the commitment of the union workers to find tangible economic gains

Socialism spread with the same ease as Capitalism

The only downside of Capitalism is the loss of small scale industries

The sentence given below contains one part which is in bold. Improve that bold part with the most appropriate option. We generally be observing spectra under conditions in which the dissipation of energy takes place.

We generally have been observing spectra for the conditions that

We generally observe spectra under conditions in which

We, in general, are observing spectra over conditions for which

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