Geography: CUET Mock Test - 2 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

The year 2003 marked the launching of 'Haryali' with the objective of empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions both financially and administratively in the implementation of watershed development programme in the country.

The Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc., through people's participation.

Ralegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. It has become an example for watershed development throughout the country. In 1975, this village was caught in a web of poverty and illicit liquor trade. The transformation took place when a retired army personnel, settled down in the village and took up the task of watershed development. He convinced villagers about the importance of family planning and voluntary labour; preventing open grazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition.

Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

The first National Water Policy was adopted in September, 1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in 2012. The National Water Policy 2002 stipulates water allocation priorities broadly in the following order: drinking water; irrigation, hydro-power, navigation, industrial and other uses. The National Water Policy 2002 stipulates progressive new approaches to water management.

Commercial agriculture, or otherwise known as agribusiness, is a cropping method in which crops or livestock are raised in order to sell the products on the market in order to make money.

• In India, the sex ratio is the number of females per thousand males.
• On average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females.
• The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia where there are 85 males per 100 females. In contrast, in Qatar, there are 311 males per 100 females.
• The world pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variations in the developed regions of the world.
• The sex ratio is favourable for females in 139 countries of the world and unfavourable for them in the remaining 72 countries listed by the United Nations.

Cochin Port 

• Cochin Port situated at the head of Vembanad Kayal, popularly known as the ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’, is also a natural harbour.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• This port has an advantageous location being close to the Suez-Colombo route.
• It caters to the needs of Kerala, southern Karnataka and south western Tamil Nadu.

Characteristics of Intensive Subsistence Farming:

• Intensive farming is an agricultural intensification and mechanization system that aims to maximize yields from available land through various means, such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
• Three major characteristics of intensive farming are as follows, 
  • Low fallow ratio
  • Labour and capital intensive
  • Higher crop yields per unit land area.
• That means high output per unit of land and relatively low output per worker
• Executive use of mechanization found.
• It is a labour-intensive farming method.
• This farming produces cheaper food per hectare to feed the rising population.
• Created multiple cropping systems.
• High productivity using modern inputs.
• It also involves intensive livestock farming.
• It is a common practice in the fertile areas of south-east Asia, China, India (Punjab, parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc.), etc.

Intensive livestock farming:

• In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture. animal husbandry is a meagre sideline of crop farming
• This is clearly more sophisticated than primitive agriculture. Sometimes it is also known as the ‘monsoon type of agriculture’.
• Subsistence farming is being superseded by intensive animal farming in the more developed parts of the world, where for example beef cattle are kept in high-density feedlots, and thousands of chickens may be raised in broiler houses or batteries. 
• Throughout the region. the farmers are handicapped in raising cattle due to a lack of scientific methods of breeding the animals

Therefore, Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

Roads

• Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to railways.
• Freight transport by road is gaining importance because it offers door-to-door service
• The quality of the roads varies greatly between developed and developing countries because road construction and maintenance require heavy expenditure.
• In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long-distance links in the form of motorways, autobahns (Germany), and interstate highways for speedy movement.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• Lorries, of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads, are common.

The correct answer is Shelterbelts.

• A shelterbelt is a barrier of trees and shrubs that provides protection from wind and storm and lessens erosion.
• Shelterbelts are a specific type of agroforestry system that help reduce natural hazards.
• It is the most suitable method of soil conservation in coastal and dry areas.
• Soil conservation is the protection of soil from erosion and other types of deterioration, so as to maintain soil fertility and productivity.

 Thus, we can say that Shelterbelts is the most suitable method of soil conservation in the coastal and dry regions.

Landmass

• There are four major continuous landmasses on Earth: Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, Antarctica, and Australia.
• Covering an expanse of over 6.6 million square miles, Russia is the world's largest country by landmass, beating out runner-up Canada by around 2.8 million square miles.
• Most geologists recognize six continents — Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, Australia, North America, and South America

Trans–Siberian Railway -

• This is a trans–Siberian Railways major rail route of Russia runs from St. Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific Coast in the east passing through Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• It is the most important route in Asia and the longest (9,332 km)double-tracked and electrified trans–continental railway in the world.
• It has helped in opening up its Asian region to West European markets.
• It runs across the Ural Mountains Ob and Yenisei rivers Chita is an important agro centre and Irkutsk, a fur centre.

 As per the census 2011, Places that satisfy the following criteria are called census towns:

• A minimum population of 5,000;
• At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and Hence, option 3 is not correct.
• A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. 
• Presence of municipality, corporation, etc

• Petrochemicals are used in the manufacture of detergent.
• Detergent is a substance that's used for cleaning.
• Detergent is similar to soap, but it's stronger and dissolves more completely in water.
• Detergents are special, powerful cleansers that can break up dirt, oils, and grease in clothing or dishes.
• The most important raw material for synthetic detergent production alkylbenzene.
• The alkyl molecular group has in the past usually been C12H24 (tetrapropylene) obtained from the petrochemical gas propylene.
• This molecular group is attached to benzene by a reaction called alkylation, with various catalysts, to form the alkylbenzene.

Tertiary Sector

• The tertiary Sector is a collection of industries that produce mostly intangible value, meaning value that has no physical form.
• It is a hallmark of advanced economies to have a large tertiary sector that generates a high percentage of GDP and employment.
• The tertiary sector is also called as service sector.
• This sector also includes essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods.
• Examples: Education, Utilities, Transportation, Hospitality, etc.
• For example, we require teachers, doctors, tailors, some of which provide us with personal services.

Primary Sector

• The sector that includes the different raw materials is also known as the primary sector.
• This sector includes all of the sectors of human activity that transform natural resources into commodities.
• These raw materials are products generated from agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, fishing, forestry, and mining.
• The activities carried out in the primary sector are important, necessary, and indispensable for the populations' survival.

Secondary Sector

• The secondary sector includes economic activities that create finished products for consumption( consumer goods).
• It takes the production of the primary activities and manufactures new end goods.
• Examples: Manufacturing, Construction, etc.

Slum

• The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing and squalid, miserable living conditions. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• They are often overcrowded, with many people crammed into very small living spaces.
• These settlements lack basic municipal services such as water, sanitation, waste collection, storm drainage, street lighting, paved sidewalks and roads for emergency access.
• Most also do not have easy access to schools, hospitals or public places for the community to gather. 
• UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:
• Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions.
• Sufficient living space, which means not more than three people sharing the same room.
• Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price.
• Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.
• Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.

• Shifting cultivation is a form of agricultural practice or a cultivation system.
• In which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.
• It is practised by tribal and is also known as Burn and Slash cultivation.
• It is known as Jhoom in Assam, Onam in Kerala, Podu in Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha. The same is known as Bewar in Madhya Pradesh.

The five stages of the demographic transition model

• Stage One: The Pre-Industrial Stage (highly fluctuating – high stationery)
• Stage Two: The Industrial Revolution (early expanding) –very rapid increase.
• Stage Three: Post-Industrial Revolution (late expanding) –increase slows down.
• Stage Four: Stabilization (low stationery) – very slow increase
• Stage Five: Declining population

Hence the correct answer is Rural agrarian, demographic transition, urban industrial.

Urban Settlements in India 

• Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. 
• Even at the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were in existence. 
• They were the first well documented human urban settlements in Human History.
• The following period has witnessed the evolution of towns. 
• It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in the eighteenth century.

The correct answer is the Carbon footprint.

The total amount of green-house gases produced, to, directly and indirectly, support human activities, is referred to as Carbon Footprint.

Demographic Transition Theory

• It predicts the shift in the population (birth and death rate) of an area.
• This theory also studies the relationship between economic development and population growth.

Demographic cycle

• According to the Demographic Transition Theory, the third stage is marked by low fertility low mortality.
• High fertility and high mortality is the first stage in a demographic cycle.
• At the beginning of the second stage, fertility remains high and increases population.
• Then fertility starts to decline and leads to a low mortality rate.
• This is the high fertility low mortality stage.
• The third stage is where fertility and mortality decreases.
• The last stage is the low fertility and low mortality stage, where both fertility and mortality even declines at a considerable rate.

In the interior of semi-arid terrain in the midlatitudes, commercial grain farming is practised. This type of agriculture developed best in the Eurasian steppes, the Canadian and American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the Australian Downs, and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.

Sheet erosion is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers, and it occurs when soil particles are carried evenly over the soil surface by rainwater that does not infiltrate into the ground.

The context refers to deforestation leading to lack of habitat for various animal species. Deforestation also leads to extinction of indigenous animals, plants and organisms, thus reducing overall biodiversity.

The profitability of mining activities is determined by two major factors:
Physical characteristics: They include deposit size, grade, and method of occurrence.
Economic considerations such as mineral demand, accessible and used technology, capital to create infrastructure, and labour and transportation costs.

Following are the economic factors that influence population distribution:
(1) Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment. So, skilled and semi–skilled workers move to these areas and make them densely populated. Katanga Zambia copper belt in Africa is one such good example.
(2) Urbanisation: Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication.
(3) Industrialisation: Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people.

Countries with higher human development are those where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place. Altogether, a higher investment in people and good governance has set this group of countries apart from the others. The degree of social diversity in these countries is not very high. Many of the countries with a high human development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised western world.

Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

About 80 percent of the coal deposits in India are of bituminous type and of non-coking grade. The most important Gondwana coalfields of India are located in Damodar Valley. Jharia is the largest coalfield, followed by Raniganj.