Geography: CUET Mock Test - 4 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Drought Prone Areas Programme was initiated during the Fourth Five-Year Plan with the objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.

As part of target area planning in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas, integrated tribal development project of Bharmour region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.
Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during the Fifth Five-Year Plan covering 15 districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir Hill and North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu.

The Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) is the result of the unified approach of the GOI for treatment and development of the new generation watersheds in a realistic and holistic manner. The Central and State share for the IWMP projects is in the ratio of 90:10.

The Planning Commission of India supervised the fiveyear plans for the economic development of the country. However, the 65-year-old Planning Commissionwas dissolved and a think tank – NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) took its place in 2015.
Unlike its predecessor (The Planning Commission) which had the power to allocate funds to States for regional development, the NITI Aayog has no such powers.

The Brundtland Commission, formerly the World Commission on Environment and Development, was a sub-organization of the United Nations (UN) that aimed to unite countries in pursuit of sustainable development. It was founded in 1983 when Javier Perez de Cuellar, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, appointed Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway, as chairperson of the commission.

In the year 1981, the greatest decennial expansion of towns in terms of urbanisation trends happened, which was 46.14%. Average growth rates in cities today are declining, and some city centers are losing population to the urban periphery. Urbanisation is shifting towards small and intermediate cities. The region is starting to age rapidly, a trend that is especially pronounced in urban areas.

A satellite port can either be one that is already existing or is created near a port that is reaching capacity. The government-run ports in Chennai, Paradip and the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) in Mumbai developed satellite ports as part of their expansion plans.

Potential resources are resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy.

Cyberspace is the world of electronic computerised space. As billions use the internet each year, cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through e-mail, e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance. Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more people cutting across place and time.

Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The theory is divided into three stages and tells that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.

Both the goals of reducing environmental degradation and increasing the income can be achieved by engaging in alternative employment opportunities. Alternative employment opportunities in agriculture sector include poultry farming, horticulture, dairy farming, etc. These would help to reduce farm-based environmental degradation and also provide an opportunity to farmers to make money.

Russia has a large number of developed waterways, of which Volga is one of the most important. It provides a navigable waterway of 11,200 km and drains into the Caspian Sea. The Volga-Moscow Canal connects it with the Moscow region and the Volga-Don Canal with the Black Sea.

The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987. This report introduced the concept of 'sustainable development' and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was subsequently published in a book entitled 'Our Common Future'.

Co-operative movement originated over a century ago and has been successful in many Western European countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, etc.

Canberra was planned as the capital of Australia in 1912 by American landscape architect, Walter Burley Griffin. He had envisaged a garden city for about 25,000 people taking into account the natural features of the landscape.

Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the Gross National Happiness (GNH) as the measure of the country's progress. Material progress and technological developments are approached more cautiously taking into consideration the possible harm they might bring to the environment or other aspects of cultural and spiritual life of the Bhutanese. This simply means material progress cannot come at the cost of happiness. GNH encourages us to think of the spiritual, non-material and qualitative aspects of development.

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws. For example, understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire. Similarly, understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

Statement I is false as all those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system.
Statement II is false as biotic resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.

Size of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development. Often smaller countries have done better than larger ones in human development. Similarly, relatively poorer nations have been ranked higher than richer neighbours in terms of human development. For example, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago have a higher rank than India in the Human Development Index despite having smaller economies. Similarly, within India, Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development despite having lower per capita income.

Planned settlements are the sites that are not spontaneously chosen by villagers themselves; these are constructed by the government by providing shelter, water and other infrastructure on acquired lands. The scheme of villagisation in Ethiopia and the canal colonies in Indira Gandhi canal command area in India are good examples.

The country with 1 km of railroad for every 6.5 sq km of land is Belgium. In Russia, railways account for about 90 per cent of the country's total transport with a very dense network west of the Urals. The densities in the industrial areas are among the highest in the world.

In India, there are many highways linking the major towns and cities. For example, National Highway No. 7 (NH 7), connecting Varanasi with Kanyakumari, is the longest in the country. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) or Super Expressway is underway to connect the four metropolitan cities — New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad.

Black soil is made up of volcanic materials. It is also known as 'regur'  is also known as Black Cotton Soil as cotton is an important crop which is grown in this type of soil. Black soil is mostly found in the areas such as Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. 

Intensive subsistence agriculture refers to the cultivation of small plots of land by farmers, using simple tools and more labour, just to feed themselves and their families with little or no surplus trade.

Salinization

• Salinization is the increase of salt concentration in soil and is, in most cases, caused by dissolved salts in the water supply. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• This supply of water can be caused by flooding of the land by seawater, seepage of seawater or brackish groundwater through the soil from below.
• Due to climate change, sea levels are rising, which further accelerates the process of salinization.
• The addition of excessive unwanted material in the soil alters the level of minerals and nutrients present in it.
• The increasing human population has led to an increase in the amount of waste generated.
• This waste when left untreated on soil increases its salinity.
• Soil salinity is also increased due to excessive use of fertilizers and improper farming techniques.

The Mississippi Waterways 

• The Mississippi-Ohio waterway connects the interior part of the U.S.A. with the Gulf of Mexico in the south.
• Hence the correct answer is option 2.
• Large steamers can go through this route up to Minneapolis.

Footloose Industries:

• Footloose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight loss or otherwise. 
• They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere.
• They produce in small quantities and also employ a small labour force.
• The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.

The correct answer is Firewood.

• Firewood is an example of a conventional source of energy. It comes under a non-commercial group of conventional energy.
• Conventional sources of energy are available in limited quantity apart from hydro-electric power.
• The conventional sources of energy are divided into two parts :
• Commercial energy sources - eg. Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, Electricity, etc.
• Non-commercial energy sources - eg. Firewood, Straw, Dried dung, etc.
• ​Non-conventional sources of energy are freely available and are also known as renewable sources of energy.
• The examples of non-conventional sources of energy are - Solar energy, bioenergy, tidal energy, and wind energy.

Push Factor

• Push factors force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced because, the individual risk something if they stay.
• Push factors may include conflict, drought, famine, or extreme religious activity.
• Low economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also big push factors for migration. Other push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance, and persecution of people who question the status quo.

Concept:
Seasonal migration of people:

• It is a kind of seasonal basis movement of people from one place to another in seasonal shifts for labour demand.
• It also happens during summer to escape from hits and find forage.
• It includes the migration of people with sheep, cattle and other animals.
• Human labour migration mainly happens for crop collection and food harvest.

Explanation:
Transhumance:

•  It is a seasonal movement of people who rear animals move in search of new pastures according to changes in seasons.
• This regular migration happens for livestock farming, not all people or populations travel for this migration.
• Only the animal herds and some important people travel.
• In this kind of migration, people prefer high pasturelands in the summertime and low elevation areas in the wintertime.
• In this kind of migration seasonal movement happens repeatedly every year and people go to the trails and lands which they already know.
• In transhumance the area they travel they practice temporary crop cultivation.
• It is a traditional and common migration practice all over the world, especially in western Asia and Europe.

Thus, the seasonal migration of people with their animals is known as transhumance.