CTET Central Teacher Eligibility Test Paper 2 Mock Test - 1 Science

A child or young person has Special Educational Needs (SEN) if he or she has learning difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for him or her to learn than most other children and young people of about the same age.

The best way to increase the chances of learning disabled students to lead a full and productive life is by teaching a variety of skills and strategies that can be applied across a range of contexts. Concepts are learned best when they are encountered in a variety of contexts and expressed in a variety of ways, for that ensures that there are more opportunities for them to become imbedded in a student's knowledge system.

The first stage in the formation of concepts is the observation of an event, object or an experience. This can also be called the stage of becoming aware. Example: The child can directly see a dog and become aware of it. (Sensation and Perception)
Repeated experiences or observations of different objects result in a tendency to form a general idea. Example: A child first sees one dog, then another dog, then a third and so on and begins to form the general idea of a dog. (Generalisation)
Along with generalisation and the observation and organisation of similarities among things and objects, the child also becomes aware of the differences between them. (Differentiation)
It is this type of sequential operation of generalisation and differentiation in interaction that leads to the formation of concepts.

Erikson's (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumed that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crisis are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
It is the 4th stage out of eight. It is at this stage that the child's peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child's self esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society, and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

Less restricted environment increases compassion and acceptance in students. Thus, it sensitises other children not to bully or to put the disadvantaged children down.

Cognitive abilities are brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex. They have more to do with the mechanisms of how we learn, remember, problem-solve, reason out, and pay attention rather than with any actual knowledge.

Bandura's major premise is that we can learn by observing others. He considers vicarious experience to be the typical way that human beings change. He uses the term 'modelling' to describe Campbell's two mid-range processes of response acquisition (observation of another's response and modelling), and he claims that modelling can have as much impact as direct experience.
Social learning theory is a general theory of human behaviour, but Bandura and people concerned with mass communication have used it specifically to explain media effects. Bandura warned that "children and adults acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modelling." George Gerbner was concerned that television violence would create a false climate of fear. Albert Bandura cautioned that TV might create a violent reality that was worth fearing.

Bruner's theory is a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition. The main aim was that instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and/or fill in the gaps.

Rigidity is often regarded as a limitation of planning. So, it is not a principle involved in lesson planning.

Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. Both of these are the examples of evaluation.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 
According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Gender sensitivity about school curriculum offerings is gaining global attention and concern because of the growing interest in equalizing access to education for the child irrespective of differences in sex structure. 

A social group establishing a positive inclination to inclusivity while fostering a feeling of oneness and a sense of belongingness in each of the members of the pluralistic society. It is the diversity that brings in the advocacy for equity and justice for each of the diverse persons in a group irrespective of their abilities, disabilities, social status, religion, class, caste, and so on and so forth.
Disadvantaged Learner-

• The socially disadvantaged child is one who is from a socially and economically backward section of the community, who cannot profit from school because of deprivation of one sort or another. Such children show cumulative academic deficits, high dropout rate and progressive decline in intellectual functioning. 

Deprived Learner-

• The term 'underprivileged' refers to the disadvantaged section of people who are economically, socially and vocationally in an unfavourable situation compared to the rest of the population of the society. Thus it is a relative term. They are underprivileged in relation to the middle class or upper-class people of their society. Educationists and social scientists have used many other terms such as 'deprived', 'psycho-socially deprived' 'culturally deprived', 'socioeconomically deprived', 'locationally deprived', etc.

Assessment refers to the process of obtaining information about a learner’s learning and achievement in a course, with a view to bringing improvement in his learning. Assessment is considered a part of the teaching-learning process and is often categorized as assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, commonly know as 'CCE' has been introduced as a school-based system of evaluation by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

An inclusive classroom includes each and every category of children in the educational system, regardless of their differences and disabilities. In an inclusive classroom, all creative, gifted, intelligent, backward, mentally retarded children study together.

• Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is the ability possessed by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
• Creative children are those who show high-performance capability in several areas such as artistic and creative work, leadership quality, keen power of observation, etc.

Socially Disadvantaged Students are the children who have hindrances to excelling in school because of detrimental circumstances beyond their control.

• These include children from SC / ST and other socially and educationally backward categories based on cultural, economic, social, geographical, linguistic, gender, or other categories.
• It also includes financial and social hardships as well as problems within students' families.

Disadvantaged students are those belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minority groups. The children from these categories come to school with a disadvantaged tag with them and as a result, they become easy prey to differential treatment by the teacher and their classmates.

• The disadvantaged section refers to not just low income but also encompasses lower educational achievement, poverty, poor health, financial insecurities, etc.

Assistive technologies provide a human interface to the alternative text in various modalities. Assistive technologies are products used by people with disabilities to help accomplish tasks that they cannot accomplish otherwise or could not do easily otherwise.

Learning disabilities are disorders that affect brain functioning of understanding, reading, writing, spelling, reasoning or recalling ability. Learning disabilities can also cause problems in learning skills, language skills, mathematical operations, and coordinating movements. Learning disabilities are continual and can cause continual lifelong challenges. Children with learning abilities often have average or above-average intelligence. Learning Disabilities are not contagious. Learning Disabilities are due to genetic or neurobiological factors which affect cognitive processes related to learning. Learning Disabilities can run in those whose paternal relatives have such problems (genetic), but environmental factors can also play an important role.

Monozygotic is to Identical twins as dizygotic is to fraternal twins.
Twins refer to two children produced by the same pregnancy. There are two types of twins including identical and fraternal twins.
Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins. They are reproduced from one fertilized egg(ovum) that splits, resulting in the birth of two babies with the same genetic conditions.
On the other hand, reproduction of dizygotic twins which are also known as fraternal twins occurs during the fertilization of two eggs (ova) by two sperm resulting in the production of two genetically unique babies.
Thus, we conclude that Monozygotic is to identical twins as dizygotic is to fraternal twins.

Correct answer: C. Incubation

Graham Wallas (1926) described the creative process in four stages.

• Preparation: Active, conscious work to understand the problem, gather information and try possible approaches.
• Incubation: Conscious attention is withdrawn from the problem; the mind continues unconscious processing. This stage allows fixation to loosen and new associations to form without deliberate, focused effort.
• Illumination: A sudden experience of insight or a clear idea emerging, often after incubation.
• Verification: Testing, refining and implementing the idea to see if it solves the problem.

Incubation is the correct choice because it is the stage when an individual does not give conscious attention to the problem while unconscious processing can lead to later insight.

When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
These activities have the following characteristics to avoid boredom in the classroom:

• It allows vigorous physical activity as children are energetic. Keeping this in mind, plan play activities involving running, jumping, climbing, catching and throwing.
• During the day there should be some indoor and some outdoor play activities. Outdoor play is generally vigorous and indoor activities are usually quieter.
• There must be a balance between structured activities initiated by you and free play initiated by the children. For example, taking the children out on a trip or organizing activities around a particular theme are structured activities. 
• During the day you must organize both group and individual activities. The group activities will foster a spirit of cooperation and social skills, while the individual activities will give the child a chance to be alone and do something on her own, hence children are intelligent enough to do things by their own, and are capable of learning. 
• The schedule of activities should be at a reasonable pace throughout the day. This means that you should allow enough time to children. But it should not be too slow that children begin to repeat it after completing it, else it will make children bored.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects.

• The term individual development is the process of maturation of a child up to a stage where he\she can independently make their own decisions about their life.
• Individual development caters to the overall development of the child in terms of its physical, mental, emotional, and psychological growth.

​As we live in a society, we come across persons who are followers of different cultures which allows us the opportunity to understand and expose our minds to the different customs and cultures of the society.
When individual experiences and interacts with different persons he is influenced by them and this influence plays an important role in the psychological development of a person.
It not only affects psychological development, but it also affects the other factors of development as the kind of society we grow up in, makes an impact on our lifestyle.
Such as if a person grows up in a family of sportspersons he is also going to be affected and influenced to participate in sports which will impact his physical and mental development.
Thus, it is concluded that there is cultural diversity in the process of development is correct for the process of development of an individual.

Adequate classroom environment exhibits a basic level of order, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.
There are four categories of classroom environment including dysfunctional, adequate, orderly restrictive and orderly enabling/flexible environment, in which adequate classroom environment exhibits the basic level of order for meaningful learning, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.

- Assertion is correct as language development is crucial for expressing thoughts and feelings.

- Reason is correct as language indeed uses words and symbols to convey desires and emotions.

- The Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion as language development directly involves using words and symbols for communication.

- Assertion is correct. Primary socialization indeed lays the groundwork for future socialization.

- Reason is also correct. Imitation of others contributes to the development of a unique personality aspect.

- The Reason is not a direct explanation of the Assertion, as there are various aspects to primary socialization beyond just imitation.

- The assertion is correct as children in the babbling stage often produce fricatives, affricates, and fluids rarely.

- The reason is correct as children in the babbling stage start making extended sounds by oral articulations, involving movements of their jaws, lips, and tongue.

- The reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion because the types of sounds produced and the process of sound production are not directly linked.

- The assertion that children with higher intelligence tend to achieve developmental milestones quicker is correct.

- The reason that intelligence impacts various aspects of development like physical growth, cognitive processes, and academic success is also correct.

- The reason statement explains why children with higher intelligence achieve developmental milestones quicker, making it the correct explanation for the assertion.