CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 7 (Science & Mathematics) - CTET & State TET MCQ

Individual differences occur due to the interaction of heredity and environmental factors. We inherit certain characteristics from our parents through genetic codes. The environment is responsible as to how we are reared, the kind of atmosphere at the house, whether it is liberal or strict, the type of education that we get, what we learn from people, around us, books, cultural practices, peers, teachers, and media.Our inheritance alone cannot decide what we become but our environment also contributes.

CBSE has prescribed group activities for students in place of activities for individual students. The idea behind doing so could be to overcome the negative emotional response to individual competition which may generalise across learning.

Developmental perspective requires teachers to adapt instructional strategies based on the knowledge of developmental factors. Not all students are alike – they differ in their strengths, needs and abilities. Understanding how students learn informs the teachers and strengthens their ability to select specific instructional strategies and tactics for struggling learners. In turn, there is an increase in students' academic achievement and this also engages and motivates students.

The theory of Maslow's hierarchy of needs basically talks about how all humans have different levels of needs for survival and they work to make money to fulfill those needs. Thus, the news of 'a woman selling her child to obtain food' may be understood best on the basis of theory of hierarchical needs.

The opaque projector, epidioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projector.

Extinction (psychology) is observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behaviours. When operant behaviour that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences, the behaviour gradually stops occurring.
A partial reinforcement will continue to produce reinforcing consequences and therefore, making it difficult to stop a behaviour from re-occurring.

Conversation skill is not a tool but a skill that is learnt using various tools.

Children's errors are a window into how they think. They commit mistakes and learn in the process. These errors when committed by children and rectified by teachers/parents pave new way of learning, thinking, and doing things.

We don't know about the age of the individual. The physical age of the child is compared to the intellectual performance of the child, based on performance in tests and live assessments by a psychologist. The physical age is not given, so nothing can be determined.

Greater learning would occur in educational settings if students used self-testing as a study strategy and were quizzed more frequently in class. But testing can have an opposite effect if it is done by a teacher as the students would do 'memorising for the test' rather than learning.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted a series of studies with children and adults.
• His findings suggested that development happens in a specific sequence of stages that is not culture-specific. He identified six stages of moral development within three levels.
• There are two specific stages at each level.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in personality (including cognitive, affective, attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and experiential) and reflects a change in performance usually brought about by practice although it may arise from insight or other factors, including memory.

FLN is Foundational Literacy and Numeracy which is a scheme launched by the Ministry of education under the Nipun Bharat vision of NEP 2020

A child always sympathizes with other children, is an emotional habit. Sympathy is an emotional response characterized by feelings of compassion, concern, or sorrow for someone else's situation or emotions. It involves understanding and sharing the emotions of others, which is a key aspect of empathy.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two types of motivation. Students that are intrinsically driven have a natural drive to complete their assignments. Students who are driven by external rewards are extrinsically motivated.

Lev Vygotsky is a Russian Psychologist who proposed the theory of Socio-cultural development.

Social Heredity, suggests that the son's expertise as a doctor can be attributed to the influence of the doctor-parent's social environment. 

The importance of individual differences in organizing educational programs effectively can vary depending on the specific context and goals of the program. However, socio-emotional and mental characteristics are often considered crucial in educational settings.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is an education policy document in India that provides guidelines for school curriculum development. 

Child-centered education means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

The constructivist approach to learning is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge. It allows learners to foster their own strategies of learning to perform a task.

• In order to follow a constructivist approach to deal with the misconceptions carried by students, a teacher should give opportunities for experimentation and observation to counter misconceptions.
• It will help the student to search for the truth and they can test their misconceptions whether they are true or not.
• They will build their knowledge on the basis of experiments and experiences, which will clear the ambiguity related to their misconceptions. 

Thus, it is concluded that Give opportunities for experimentation and observation to counter misconceptions is a constructive approach for dealing with the 'misconceptions' carried by students.

Socialization is a process of internalizing the norms, culture, values, and customs of society to be socially acceptable. Peer groups are the agents of 'Secondary Socialization' throughout one's life.
Peer groups help children to be socialized by making them learn to behave in a way that is socially acceptable with age-peers. At this age, children learn appropriate social attitudes such as how to like and enjoy social life and group activities.

Individual difference: Every child is unique and different from others. It should be kept in mind that learners possess different abilities, and personalities, and belong to different backgrounds. The stimulus needs of every learner will be different. Teaching has to be done keeping in mind the individual differences and problems arising out of it.
The teacher should take care of the below points:

• As per the need of the students, the teaching method can vary.
• Generally confused with discrimination, ability grouping is a measure in which students of similar traits are grouped so that the teacher can choose a compatible teaching method.
• Keeping in mind the child-centered education as proposed by the NCF, adjusting the curriculum is no exception because it is the child who has the freedom to choose what he wants to learn.
• The pace of learning should not be a matter of concern for a teacher as every child has his pace and more than results, the attempt to learn is important.

It should be noted that, though self-study improves knowledge, it should not be done simultaneously when the teacher’s responsibility is to teach children.
So, we conclude that for a teacher, leaving children for self-study is not recommended

Classroom Discussions play a vital role in shaping or constructing the overall personality of a child. The discussions help the child to not only presents his or her point of view but to get an idea of other's perception as well and this helps in shaping the all-round thinking of a child.
Gender Bias:

• It refers to the belief that someone prioritizes one gender more than another. 
• It is a form of unconscious bias, or implicit bias, which occurs when one individual attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to another person or group of people.
• It is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other for example preferring boys over girls during an activity. Bias can be conscious or unconscious and may manifest in many ways, both subtle and obvious.

Examples of Gender Bias in Teaching and at school:

• Stereotypical expressions of male and female characters in textbook content.
• Assigning work differentially to boys and girls.
• Girls being given lesser opportunities to participate in school and classroom events.

Gender Constancy: The concept of gender constancy refers to a cognitive stage of development of children at which they come to understand that their gender (meaning their biological sex) is fixed and cannot change over time.
Gender Relevance: It is an important consideration in development. It is a way of looking at how social norms and power structures impact on the lives and opportunities available to different groups of men and women.
Gender Identity: It is a personal conception of oneself as male or female. This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect gender identity.
So, during a classroom discussion if a teacher pays more attention to boys than girls then it will be regarded as an example of Gender Bias.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience. It is difficult to give a precise definition of learning so every psychologist has different beliefs about the derivation of the word 'learning' and they have defined it in different ways.
Some well-known definitions of learning are as follows:

So, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned definition of learning is given by J.P. Guilford.

- The assertion is true as gender norms are indeed socially constructed and can restrict individuals from expressing their identity freely.

- The reason is also true as society does tend to link specific traits and behaviors with gender, reinforcing traditional roles.

- However, the reason does not directly explain why gender norms limit individuals' freedom to define their identities within these categories. Therefore, Option B is the correct choice.

• The assertion that children in the formal operational stage demonstrate logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts is correct.
• The reason that early in this stage, there is a temporary return to egocentric thought is also correct.
• In this case, the reason provided is indeed the correct explanation for the assertion. During the formal operational stage, although children can use logic to solve problems and think abstractly, they may still temporarily revert to egocentric thought, especially at the beginning of this stage.

- Assertion: The assertion is false as early childhood experiences play a crucial role in shaping long-term development, influencing various aspects of an individual's life.

- Reason: The reason is also false since foundational development in childhood is not solely determined by genetic factors but is a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental influences.

- Explanation: Both the assertion and reason are inaccurate. Early childhood experiences significantly impact long-term development, with genetic factors representing only one aspect of the multifaceted developmental process.

- The assertion about formative assessment providing feedback is correct.
- The reason statement about summative assessment determining overall outcomes is also accurate.
- Moreover, the reason indeed explains why formative assessment involves providing feedback, making Option A the correct answer.

• The assertion is incorrect as early infantile laughter often emerges earlier, around 2 to 3 months after birth.
• The reason is also inaccurate as infantile laughter primarily reflects physiological responses rather than deliberate social cues, making the explanation incorrect.