Test: Understanding Laws - UPSC MCQ

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her courageous act of protest was considered the spark that ignited the Civil Rights movement. For decades, Martin Luther King Jr.'s fame overshadowed hers.

Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees protection of life and personal liberty to every citizen. The Supreme Court has held that the right to live with human dignity, enshrined in Article 21, derives from the directive principles of state policy and therefore includes protection of health (4).

The High Court of Delhi  was established on 31 October 1966. The High Court of Delhi was established with four judges. They were Chief Justice K. S. Hegde, Justice I. D. Dua, Justice H. R. Khanna and Justice S. K. Kapur.

Why Laws are Necessary to Protect People from Exploitation

• Laws provide a legal framework: Laws establish the rules and regulations that govern society, including protections against exploitation. These laws set the standards for ethical behavior and provide a basis for holding individuals or organizations accountable for their actions.



• Laws deter exploitation: By clearly defining what constitutes exploitation and outlining the consequences for engaging in such behavior, laws act as a deterrent to potential exploiters. Knowing that there are legal repercussions for exploiting others can discourage individuals from engaging in exploitative practices.



• Laws protect vulnerable populations: Laws are often designed to specifically protect vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities, who may be at a higher risk of exploitation. These laws establish safeguards and provide recourse for those who have been exploited.



• Laws promote justice and fairness: Laws ensure that individuals have access to justice and can seek redress if they have been exploited. By upholding the rule of law, governments can promote fairness and equality within society, ensuring that everyone is treated with dignity and respect.



• Laws empower individuals: By providing legal protections against exploitation, laws empower individuals to advocate for themselves and assert their rights. When individuals know that the law is on their side, they are more likely to speak out against exploitation and seek assistance when needed.

It is illegal that is not in the legal framework to deny wages to workers. It is their right and they can seek for legal help.

A set up where two or more parties engage in exchange of goods, services and information is called a market. Ideally a market is a place where two or more parties are involved in buying and selling. The two parties involved in a transaction are called seller and buyer.

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence. It was brought into force by the Indian government from 26 October 2006. The Act provides for the first time in Indian law a definition of "domestic violence", with this definition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse. It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders and not for meant to be enforced criminally.

A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. 

Many workers are denied fair wages by their employers because of their basic needs to survive and also fullfill their families needs. so they required jobs and also fear to loose their job so, they has no bargaining powers. and also they have paid lower wages.

 

Importance of Enforcement of Law

• Protection of the Weak from the Strong: One of the main reasons why enforcement of law is important is to protect the weak from the strong. Laws are put in place to ensure that everyone is treated fairly and that those who try to take advantage of others are held accountable.


• Ensuring Justice: By enforcing the law, justice can be served. Those who break the law can be punished accordingly, while those who have been wronged can seek restitution.


• Maintaining Order: Without enforcement of law, chaos and anarchy can prevail. By upholding the law, order is maintained in society and people can live peacefully and harmoniously.


• Preventing Corruption: When the law is enforced, it prevents corruption and ensures that those in power cannot abuse their authority for personal gain.

Why Protection of the Weak from the Strong is Important

• Equality: Enforcing laws that protect the weak from the strong promotes equality and ensures that everyone is treated fairly regardless of their social status or power.


• Prevention of Exploitation: Without these laws, the strong can easily exploit the weak for their own benefit, leading to a society where only a few benefit at the expense of the majority.


• Upholding Human Rights: Protecting the weak from the strong is crucial for upholding basic human rights and ensuring that everyone has the right to live a dignified life free from oppression.

By enforcing laws that protect the weak from the strong, society can ensure that justice is served, order is maintained, corruption is prevented, and everyone is treated fairly and equally. It is essential for a just and harmonious society to uphold and enforce these laws effectively.

The Constitution of India being written constitutes the fundamental law of the land. This has several significant implications. It is under this fundamental law that all laws are made and executed, all governmental authorities act and the validity of their functioning adjudged. No legislature can make a law, and no governmental agency can act, contrary to the Constitution. No act of executive, legislature, judicial or quasi-judicial, of any administrative agency can stand if contrary to the Constitution. The Constitution thus conditions the whole governmental process in the country.

The right against exploitation is one of the most vital fundamental rights given by the Indian Constitution. These rights aim at protecting citizens from being subjugated to environmental, domestic and work hazards. Articles 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution safeguard women and children and others against exploitation of various forms.


Article Against Human Trafficking And Forced Labor
The first provision in the Article that mentions the Right against exploitation, states the ‘eradication of human trafficking and forced labor (beggar)’. Article 23 declares slave trade, prostitution and human trafficking a punishable offence. There is, however, an exception here in the form of employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes. Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision

Article Against Child Labor Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines. Child labour is considered gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution. The parliament has also passed the Child Labor act of 1986, by providing penalties for employers and relief and rehabilitation amenities for those affected.

As per the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 , a Child is defined as any person below the age of 14.

Prohibition of Employment of Children:

• Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine or other hazardous activities like construction work or railway.
• It is an absolute prohibition. 
• But it does not prohibit their employment in any harmless or innocent work.
• The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, is the most important law in this direction.
• In addition, the Employment of Children Act, 1938; the Factories Act, 1948; the Mines Act, 1952; the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958; the Plantation Labour Act, 1951; the Motor Transport Workers Act, 1951; Apprentices Act, 1961; the Bidi and Cigar Workers Act, 1966; and other similar acts prohibit the employment of children below a certain age.
• In October 2006, the government passed the Child Labour (Abolition And Rehabilitation) Bill, 2006 as an amendment to the <span style="font-weight: 700;>Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.
• In 2006, the government banned the employment of children as domestic servants or workers in business establishments like hotels, dhabas, restaurants, shops, factories, resorts, spas, tea shops and so on. It warned that anyone employing children below 14 years of age would be liable for prosecution and penal action.
• The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, amended the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.
• It has renamed the Principal Act as the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.

Thus, the child labour prevention act was amended by the government in October 2006.

Art 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory,mine, or any other hazardous industries. In 2006, government banned the employment of children as domestic servants or workers in hotels,dabhas, teashops, restaurants, and so on. Violation of this liable for penal action.

The penalty for employing a child will now be imprisonment between six months and two years or a fine of Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 or both. The second time offence will attract imprisonment of one year to three years, the Act says.

The correct option is Option A.

Only Maharashtra, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu published the plan of Child Labour Prevention Act.

UC means

• Union Commission: UC stands for Union Commission, which refers to a committee or organization formed to address specific issues or tasks within a union or organization. It is commonly used in the context of government bodies or labor unions.

The World's Worst Industrial Disaster, 30 Years Later. Thirty years ago, on the night of December 2, 1984, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released at least 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, as well as a number of other poisonous gases.

The law has to be enforced and implemented then only there is use of rules and regulations.

The correct option is Option A.

Infringement of Fundamental Rights of a citizen can be done by a government entity to a citizen or by one citizen to another. This means any measure that hampers the Fundamental Rights of a citizen mentioned in the constitution which is not necessarily a breaking of law. On the other hand, not abiding by the laws are subject to violations. Therefore, violation is the correct answer.

Investment:

• Definition: Investment refers to the act of putting money into financial schemes, shares, property, or a commercial venture with the expectation of achieving a profit.



• Options:




• Option A: Money spent to purchase new building - This is a form of investment in real estate which can generate rental income or appreciation in value over time.



• Option B: Money spent to increase production in future - This is a form of investment in business operations to expand capacity and improve efficiency.



• Option C: Money spent to purchase new machinery - This is a type of investment in equipment or technology to enhance productivity and competitiveness.



• Option D: All of these - All the options listed are forms of investment that involve allocating resources in anticipation of future returns.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D - All of these, as investment can encompass various activities aimed at generating income or wealth over time.

According to the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, in India, a consumer is defined as ‘any person who buys goods and services by making full or part payment for those goods and services without any objective of using them for commercial purposes.’

Social law means to be same for all . No distinction between the upper or lower classes or no discrimination on basis of race, religion, colour or creed.