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OPSC OCS (Odisha) Exam  >  OPSC OCS (Odisha) Tests  >  OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - OPSC OCS (Odisha) MCQ

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - OPSC OCS (Odisha) MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test - OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 for OPSC OCS (Odisha) 2024 is part of OPSC OCS (Odisha) preparation. The OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 questions and answers have been prepared according to the OPSC OCS (Odisha) exam syllabus.The OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 MCQs are made for OPSC OCS (Odisha) 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 below.
Solutions of OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 questions in English are available as part of our course for OPSC OCS (Odisha) & OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 solutions in Hindi for OPSC OCS (Odisha) course. Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for OPSC OCS (Odisha) Exam by signing up for free. Attempt OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 | 100 questions in 120 minutes | Mock test for OPSC OCS (Odisha) preparation | Free important questions MCQ to study for OPSC OCS (Odisha) Exam | Download free PDF with solutions
OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 1
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A group of men could do a piece of work in 18 days. However, 6 men left the group before the work began and the remaining men in the group completed the work in 20days. What was the original size of the group?

Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 1

  • If M1 persons can do a piece of work in D1 days and M2 persons can do same piece of work in D2 days, then M1*D1= M2 * D2.

  • Let the original number of men in the group be 'x'. (M1)

  • After 6 men left, the size of group be (x-6) men. (M2)

Now using the above formula, we get

⇒ x * 18 = (x-6) * 20

⇒ 18x = 20x -120

⇒ 120= 20x-18x

⇒ 120 = 2x

⇒ x=60

Therefore, the original number of men in the group is 60 men.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 2
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A water tank is 2/5 th full. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 minutes and pipe B can empty in 6 minutes. If both the pipes are open, how long will it take to empty or fill the tank completely?

Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 2

  • Since pipe B is faster than pipe A and thus, the tank will be emptied.

  • Part of the tank to be emptied = 2/5

  • Part emptied by (A+B) in 1 minute= (1/6 - 1/10) = 1/15.

Therefore,

⇒ 1/15 : 2/5 :: 1: x

⇒ 2/5 * 15 = 6 minutes

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OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 3
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A and B together can do a work in 8 days, B and C together in 6 days, while C and A together in 10 days. If they all work together, the work will be completed in how many days?

Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 3

Formula: A and B together can do a work in x days, B and C together in y days, while C and A together in z days. If they all work together, the work will be completed in: (2xyz)/( xy+yz+zx)

In the above given problem 'x' = 8 days, 'y' = 6 days and 'z' = 10 days.

Substituting the values x, y and z in the formula, If they all work together, the work will be completed in : (2 * 8 * 6 * 10)/((8*6)+(6*10)+(10*8))

⇒ 960/(48+60+80) = 960/188 = 240/47 days

 

 

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 4
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Directions for the following (one) item:

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

Governments need to be generous in supporting international humanitarian agencies, whether with food or funds. Stepping-up supply of food to countries worst-hit by the hunger crisis is necessary. While this will help ease the symptoms of the crisis, it will not address its underlying causes. The latter is necessary to address the problem of food insecurity in the world. Humanitarian food aid is important but simultaneously, we need to put in place medium and long-term strategies to address conflict and climate shocks.

Q. Which of the following is the most logical, critical and rational inference that can be drawn from the above passage?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 4

The passage states that humanitarian aid is important but other steps are also required for ending hunger. D appears correct but A is the more logical and critical choice because the passage harps on the importance of medium and long term steps required for addressing hunger which is captured by A. Hence A is the correct answer.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 5
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15 men take 20 days to complete a work working 8 hours a day. How many number of hours a day should 20 men take to complete the work in 12 days?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 5

Formula: If M1 persons can do a piece of work in D1 days for h1 hours and M2 persons can do the same piece of work in D2 days for h2 hours,

then: M1D1h1 = M2D2h2.

In the above given problem M1=15 men, D1=20 days, h1=8 hours, M2=20 men, D2= 12 days. Substituting the above values in the formula, we get

⇒ 15 * 20 * 8 = 20 * 12 * h2;

⇒ 2400 = 240 * h2; h2 = 10 hours

Therefore, 10 hrs a day should 20 men take to complete the same work in 12 days.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 6
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A can finish a work in 24 days, B in 9 days and C in 12 days. B and C start the work but are forced to leave after 3 days. The remaining work was done by A in?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 6

From the given data, we can get

  • A's one day work = 1/24,

  • B's one day work = 1/9 and

  • Cs one day work = 1/12.

Since, B and C start the work and left after 3 days;

  • the work done by B and C is = 3 *((1/9) +(1/12)) = 7/12.

  • Therefore, remaining work = 1- 7/12 =5/12.

  • Time taken by A to complete the remaining work = 24 * 5/12 =10 days.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 7
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Aman can complete a piece of work in 5 days, but with the help of his son he can finish the same piece of work in 3 days. Find the time taken by the son alone to complete the work?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 7

If A can do a work in 'x' days and A + B can do the same work in 'y' days, then the number of days required to complete the work if B works alone is given by the formula: ( x * y)/(x-y).

Aman alone takes 5 days (i.e x) to complete a piece of work and along with his son he can complete same of piece of work in 3 days(i.e y).

Therefore, his son alone takes ( x * y)/(x-y) days to complete the same piece of work.

By substituting the given values in formula, his so will take (5 * 3)/(5-3) = 15/2 = 7.5 days.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 8
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Directions for the following (one) item:

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

The impact of environmental disasters is immense but unequal. Houses in poorer areas will often be less stable, storm barriers may be weaker, sanitation is often a problem, emergency services will be poorly resourced - and preventing disease outbreaks may be hindered by the poor state of public health services.

Q. Which among the following is the most logical and essential message conveyed by the above passage?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 8

The focus of the passage is on bringing out how disasters unevenly impact the rich and poor. Hence C is the correct answer.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 9
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Three taps A, B and C can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively. If A is opened all the time and B and C are opened one hour each alternatively , the tank will be full in :
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 9

  • Tank filled in one hour when the taps A and B are open = (1/12)+(1/15)= 9/60= 3/20.

  • Tank filled in one hour when the taps A and C are open = (1/12) + (1/20) = 8/60 = 2/15

  • Therefore, part of the tank filled in two hours = (3/20) + (2/15) = 17/60.

  • Part filled in 6 hours = ( 17/60) * 3 = 51/60

  • Remaining part = 9/60 = 3/20

After 6 hours Now it is (A+B)' s turn

  • Time taken by the A+B to fill 3/20 part = 1 hour

  • Therefore, total time taken = 6+1 = 7 hours

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 10
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If a pipe A can fill a tank 3 times faster than pipe B. If both the pipes can fill the tank in 32 minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the tank in?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 10

  • Let, the time is taken by pipe A = x

  • Then, time is taken by pipe B = x/3

  • By substituting these values, we get: 1/x + 3/x = 1/32 x = 128 minutes

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 11
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A, B and C together earn Rs.300 per day, while A and C together earn Rs.188 and B and C together earn Rs.152. The daily earning of C is?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 11

Daily Earning of A+B+C = Rs 300

  1. Daily Earning of A and C together = A + C = Rs 188 ... (1)

  2. Daily Earning of B and C together = B + C = Rs 152 ... (2)

 

Adding (1) and (2) we get A+B+2C = 188 + 152 = Rs 340

Therefore, Daily earning of C = 340 - 300 = Rs 40.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 12
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A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs.3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 12

  • Work done by A in one day = 1/6.

  • Work done by B in one day = 1/8

  • Work done by C in one day = 1/3 - (1/6+1/8) = 1/3 -7/24 = (8-7)/24 = 1/24.

A's wage : B's wage : C's wage = 1/6 : 1/8 : 1/24 = 4: 3: 1

Therefore, C's share = (1/8) * 3200 = Rs 400.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 13
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A and B together can complete a work in 12 days. A alone can complete it in 20 days. If B does the work only for half a day daily, then in how many days A and B together will complete the work?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 13

  • Work done by A in one day = 1/20. o B's 1 day's work (1/12 - 1/20) = (2/60)= 1/30.

  • B's half day work = (1/30)/2 = 1/60

  • A and B 's one day work (if B work for half day) = (1/20 + 1/60) = (4/60)= 1/15

  • Therefore, total number of days to complete the work = 15 days.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 14
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Directions for the following (one) item:

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

As the planet warms, we need to be able to predict what populations will be at risk for infectious diseases because prevention is always superior to reaction. The researchers are now working on a map to pin point future changes in the distribution of vector-borne diseases.

Q. Which among the following is the most critical and rational inference that can be drawn from the above passage?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 14

Options B and C are wrong because they are not the key focus of the passage. The passage tells us about the increasing risk of vector borne diseases as a result of climate change and the efforts undertaken by scientists to deal with such threat which doesn't necessarily lead to the inference that the world is ill prepared, even though it might be the case. Hence option A is correct.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 15
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A, B and C can do a piece of work in 11 days, 20 days and 55 days respectively, working alone. How soon can the work be done if A is assisted by B on odd days and C on even days?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 15

(A+B)'s 1 day' s work = (1/11 + 1/20 ) = 31/220

(A+C)'s 1 day's work = ( 1/11 + 1/55) = 6/55

Work done in 2 days by them= ( 31/220 + 6/55) = 55/220 = %.

Therefore, Whole work will be done in 8 days

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 16
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9 kids can finish a bit of work in 360 days. 18 men can finish the same work of piece in 72 days and 12 ladies can finish it in 162 days. In how long can 4 men, 12 ladies and 10 kids together finish the bit of work?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 16

9×360 children = 18×72 men = 12×162 women

⇒ 45 children = 18 men

= 27 women

⇒ 5 children = 2 men = 3 women

Now, 4 men + 12 women + 10 children

= 4 men + 8 men + 4 men

= 16 men

∵ 18 men can complete the work in 72 days.

∴ 16 men can complete the work in =18×72/16 = 81 days

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 17
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4 men and 6 women complete a piece of work in 8 days while 3 men and 7 women complete it in 10 days. In how many days 10 women can finish the work?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 17

Let 1 man's 1 day work be x and 1 woman's 1 day work be y. then

4x+6 y= 1/8 ••• (1)

3x+7y = 1/10 •••(2)

Multiplying (1) by 3, (2) by 4 and subtracting, we get

10 y = (4/10- 3/8)

= (16-15)/40 = 1/40

⇒ y = 1/400

1 woman's 1 day work = 1/400

10 women's 1 day work = (1/400*10) = 1/40

Hence 10 women can finish the work in 40 days

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 18
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A works twice as fast as B. If two can together complete a bit of work in 12 days, then B alone can do it in:
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 18

Let B's 1 day work =x.

Then , A's 1 day's work=2x

X+2x=1/12

⇒ 3x=1/12

⇒ x=1/36.

B's 1 day work=1/36.

Hence B alone can finish the work in 36 days.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 19
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In one minute 3/7 of a tank is filled. How much time will it take to fill the remaining part of the tank?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 19

  • Part filled in 1 min. = 3/7.

  • Remaining part = (1- 3/7)= 4/7

  • Let the required time be x min.

  • Therefore, 3/7: 4/7:: 1: x

    ⇒ 3x/7 = (4/7*1)

    ⇒ x= 4/3 min.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 20
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Directions for the following (one) item:

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

The Paris Agreement adopted last year marks the beginning of a new age in climate change response. The global climate pact will have a major impact on public health policy as countries take measures on adaptation and mitigation. Strengthening adaptation is a must in the face of climate change. This includes plans to protect human health from air pollution, heat waves, floods, droughts and the degradation of water resources.

Q. Which of the following option(s) is/are valid statement(s) that support the emphasis on adaptation as suggested in the passage?

1. At present, more than 7 million deaths occur worldwide every year due to air pollution.

2. In 2017, the world had 124 acutely hungry people

3. Epidemics such as cholera, dengue and extreme weather events such as heat waves and floods have increased

Select the correct code from below:
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 20

All the three are issues that can be addressed or mitigated by increasing focus on adaptation. Hence all three are correct. Thus, D is the correct answer.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 21
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A man travels a distance of 12 km at 3 km/hr, another distance of 12km at 4 km/hr and a third distance of 12km at 6 km/hr. His average speed for the whole journey is:
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 21

The Average speed= (Total Distance/Total Time taken)

Time taken to cover first 12 km= (Distance/Speed)= (12/3)= 4 hours

Time taken to cover second 12 km= 12/4= 3 hours

Time taken to cover last 12 km= 12/ 6= 2 hours

Hence, total time taken for whole journey= (4+3+2) hours= 9 hours

Therefore, the average speed of whole journey= (Total distance/total time)

Average speed of man= (36/9)= 4 km/hr

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 22
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A boat sails 6 km/hr in still water, however it takes thrice as much time in going the same at distance against the current when compared to the direction of the current. Find the speed of the current?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 22

Given condition:

Speed of the boat in still water = 6 km/hr.

Speed of boat in downstream = 3 * speed of boat in upstream.

Let the speed of the current be 'x' km/hr.

Therefore, speed of the boat in upstream (i.e against the current) = (6-x) km/hr.

Speed of the boat in downstream (i.e in the direction of current) = (6+x) km/hr

Now, substituting values in given condition, we get

⇒ (6+x) = 3 * (6-x)

⇒ 6+x = 18-3x

⇒ 4x=12

⇒ x=3 km/hr 

Thus, speed of the current = 3 km/hr.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 23
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A boat takes 26 hours for travelling downstream from point A to point B and coming back to point C midway between A and B. If the velocity of the stream is 4 km/hr and the speed of the boat in still water is 10 km/hr, what is the distance between A and B?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 23

  • As per the given information, the velocity of the stream is 4 km/hr.

  • The speed of the boat in still water is 10 km/hr.

  • Therefore, speed of boat in downstream = (10+4)= 14km/hr

  • The speed of boat in upstream = (10-4) = 6 km/hr.

  • Let the distance between A and B be 'x'. As C is the distance between B and C is x/2.

  • Total time taken to reach is 26 hours.

Therefore,

x/14 + (x/2)/6 = 26

⇒ x/14 + x/12 = 26

⇒ (7x+6x)/84 = 26

⇒ 13 x /84 = 26

⇒ x/84 = 2

⇒ x = 168.

The distance between A and B is 168 km.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 24
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Tina goes to school from her house at a speed of 3 km/hr and returns at a speed of 2 km/hr. If she takes 5 hours in total, then what is the distance between her house and school?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 24

Let the distance between Tina's house and school be 'x' km.

Therefore, time to cover the distance from her house to school = (Distance/ speed) = (x/3) hours.

Similarly, time to cover the distance from her school to house = (x/2) hours.

It is given that total time taken for whole journey= 5 hours.

Thus, (x/3 + x/2)= 5

⇒ ((2x+3x)/6)= 5

⇒ (5x/6) = 5

⇒ 5x=30 or x=6

Thus, distance between her house and school is 6 km

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 25
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Directions for the following (one) item:

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

The two criteria that an innovator must satisfy are whether the innovation or invention adds to existing technical knowledge and whether it is inventive enough. Patent filings are seen as a measure of the spread of science and technology in a country. Patent protection also provides monopoly rights to the inventor.

Q. Which of the following is the most crucial and logical inference that can be made from the above passage?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 25

Correct answer- option C

a) Most inventions are too trivial to qualify for patent protection.

  • Incorrect: The passage does not indicate that most inventions are trivial; it merely outlines criteria for what qualifies as patentable.

b) Patent filings are often irrelevant to the actual technological advancements made.

  • Incorrect: This option contradicts the passage, which states that patent filings are a measure of the spread of science and technology.

c) Patent protection incentivizes innovation and is essential for technological progress.

  • Correct Answer: This option directly aligns with the passage, as it highlights the importance of patent protection in fostering innovation and technological growth.

d) Patent protection is only beneficial for large corporations, not individual inventors.

  • Incorrect: The passage does not limit the benefits of patent protection to large corporations, thus making this option misleading.
OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 26
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Amit can row 8 km/hr in still water. If the river is flowing at 4 km/hr, it takes 1.5 hours to row to a place and back. How far is the place?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 26

It is given that: Speed in still water = 8 km/hr

Speed of the stream = 4 km/hr

Speed of upstream = (8-4) = 4 km/hr

Speed of downstream = (8+4) = 12 km/hr

Total time = 1.5 hrs

Let x is the distance.

Then substituting the values, we get

x/12 + x/4 = 3/2

x = 4.5 km

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 27
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A train passes two persons walking in opposite directions to the train at a speed of 5 m/s and 10 m/s  and crosses them in 6 seconds and 5 seconds respectively. Find the length of the train?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 27

Let the speed of the train be 's' m/s.

Let the length of the train be 'x' meters.

Relative speed of train and the first person who is moving at the speed of 5 m/s in opposite direction = (s+5) m/s.

Therefore, total distance travelled (i.e length of train) 'x'= Relative speed X time

x = (s+5) * 6 …. ( Eq 1)

Relative speed of train and the second person who is moving at the speed of 10 m/s in opposite direction = (s+10) m/s

Therefore, total distance travelled (i.e length of train) 'x' = Relative speed X time

x = (s+10) * 5 …. (Eq 2)

Since length of the train is same in both the cases, if we equate the equation 1 and equation 2 we get

⇒ (s+5) * 6 = (s+10) * 5

⇒ 6s+30= 5s+50

⇒ 6s - 5s = 50 - 30

⇒ s = 20 m/s (i.e speed of the train)

Now, putting the value of speed of the train in equation 1 (we can put the value equation 2 as well) we get

Length of the train 'x' = (20+5) * 6

  • x = 25 * 6

  • x= 150

Therefore, length of the train is 150 meters.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 28
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A man covers a distance via auto driving at 70 km/hr and returns back to the beginning point riding on a bike at 55km/hr. What is his average speed for the entire trip?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 28

Average speed = 2xy/(x+y) km/hr

= (2*70*55)/ (70+55) km/hr

= (2*70*55)/125 km/hr

= 308/5 km/hr

= 61.6 km/hr

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 29
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How much time will a train 171 m long take to cross a bridge 229 m long, if it is running ^at a speed of 45 kmph?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 29

Speed = (45*5/18)m/sec = 25/2 m/sec.

Required time =(171+229)/(25/2) sec.

= (400*2/25)sec. =32 sec.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 30
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Read the following passage and answer the item that follow.

Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

Agriculture in India needs to become more sustainable even as small and marginal farmers struggle to build resilience against many threats. First, they remain price-takers and economically vulnerable, beholden to traders who set prices, and with limited opportunities to sell at a time of their choice (due to poor storage). Further, decades of intensive agriculture have added to water stress and declining soil health. Farmers rely on groundwater for more than 60% of irrigation needs. Chemical fertilizers, once a boon to boost soil nutrients, have been applied so intensively (particularly urea) that the long-term health of soils is now of deep concern.

Q. Which among the following is the most logical, rational and critical inference that can be made from the above passage?
Detailed Solution for OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 - Question 30

The passage focuses on bringing out the lack of sustainable practices in Indian agriculture which are creating several issues. All the examples given above are examples of measures undertaken to boost productivity at the expense of sustainability. Hence A is the correct answer.

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