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Elastic Rail Clip or Pandrol Clip:
The clip is made from silicon Manganese spring steel bar and heat-treated. It exerts a toe load of 645 to 1300 Kg, to ensure that the no relative movement between rail and sleeper is possible.
Elastic fastenings to be used with concrete, steel, and wooden sleepers are Pandrol clip, IRN 202 chip, HM fastening, MSI insert, rubber pads, and nylon liners.

Design period as recommended by GOI manual-

As maximum force of friction offered by ground on block is,
f = μ*normal reaction of ground
Here, effective normal reaction from ground is 40 N, as the upper block will lift up due to 15 N force acting on it.
So, fmax = 0.2*40 = 8 N

As per IS 456 2000(34.1.2)
In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge shall be not less than 150mm for footings on soils, nor less than 300mm above the tops of piles for footings on piles

Sleeper density = M+5, where M = length of rail in meters.
Length of rail for a BG track is ≌ 12.8 m 
Total number of rails required = 2600/13 = 200
Sleeper density = M +5 = 13 +5 = 18
Total number of sleepers = 200 X 18 = 3600

L_r = 25

Bin card- it is a record of receipts, issues and running balance of certain articles of stock kept in Bin card, which is kept where the materials are stored.

• Cotters are used to fix tie bar to CI sleepers
• The length of a cotter is 152 mm and the approximate weight is 0.80 lb per piece.

Unconfined compression test:

• It is a special case of triaxial test carried out at zero cell pressure.
• Test is quick and water is not allowed to drain out of the soil sample. Hence it is an 'undrained' test.
• It is used primarily for saturated and cohesive soils.

Depth of ballast (D)

S = Sleeper spacing = 60 cm
B = Width of sleeper = 20 cm

Wetted perimeter (P) = AB +BC +AD= AB+2BC (since AD = BC)
BE = CE/2 = 4/2 = 2

Hydraulic men depth (R)= A/P

Denehey's T-shaped groyne is a special type of groyne. It is developed in India. In this type of groyne an extra cross groyne is provided at the head giving it a T-shape. The function of extra cross groyne is to protect the main groyne on the same principle as the main groyne protects the river bank.

Parapet Wall- Wall which is provided above the formation level in the down side slope is called parapet well. Its function is to protect the traffic against falling down the hill slope.

Advantages of cast iron pipes-

• moderate in cost
• easy to join
• strong and durable
• corrosion resistant
• have a long life upto 100 years

Cast iron pipes cannot withstand high pressures and generally not used for pressures above 700 kN/m²

As per IS 456:2000 Cl.6.2.1:
There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days. The quantum of increase depends upon the grade and type of cement, curing and environmental conditions. Therefore, strength of cement increase with age of concrete. For design purpose 28 days characteristic strength of concrete is used.

Insulation joints: these are provided along pipe lines at suitable intervals to insulate the pipe against the flow of stray electric currents and to check electrolysis. Rubber gaskets or rings can be provided as insulators in between the pipe lengths to prevent the flow of electric current between them.

Extra rapid hardening cement is obtained by inter-grinding Rapid Hardening Portland Cement with small quantity of calcium chloride (not more than 2% by weight of the rapid hardening cement). This cement should not be stored for more than a month.

R_A + R_B = 4 x 4 + 2 = 18 kN
R_B x 10 = 2 x 8 + 4 x 4 x 2
R_B = 4.8 kN
R_A = 13.2 kN
Shear force at A = R_A= 13.2 kN
Shear force at C = 13.2 -4 x 4 = -2.8 kN
Therefore, shear force is zero somewhere in the span AC. Let this distance be 'x' from A. Then
R_A - 4x = 0
13.2 - 4x = 0
x = 3.3 m

Minimum specific energy = 1.5 x critical depth
4.5 = 1.5 x critical depth
Critical depth = 3 m

As per IS 456:2000, Cl.41.3-
Equivalent shear (V_e)

The requirements of an ideal fastening are
1) It should be capable of absorbing shocks and vibration
2) Should resist creep
3) It should be cheap, durable, non-corrosive
4) It should not be too rigid
5) It should have high torque resistance etc.

Advantages of steel sleepers

• Fastening of steel sleepers are simple in nature and less in number
• Maintenance and adjustment of the gauge are easy in the case of steel sleepers
• The manufacturing process is simple
• They are available in a single piece
• Light in weight and easy to handle
• They have good scrap value
• Compare to wooden sleeper, behaves in better way on yielding formation

Disadvantages

• High cost
• Cracks are developed at rail seat.
• Low corrosion resistance
• There is excessive damage during derailments.

The object of check measurement is to detect errors in measurements and to prevent fraudulent entries. Check measurements should therefore be conducted on such items:
(a) Which appear obviously incorrect.
(b) Which would be more easily susceptible of fraud.
(c) Which would affect the total amount of the bill if inaccurate.

Grade compensation on curves in Indian railways for MG = 0.03% per degree of curve
Grade compensation = 0.03 X 4 = 0.12%
Ruling gradient = (1/200) x 100 = 0.5 %
Steepest gradient = 0.5 - 0.12 = 0.38 %

The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) is the Apex Body of Highway Engineers in the country. The IRC was set up in December, 1934 on the recommendations of the Indian Road Development Committee best known as Jayakar Committee set up by the Govt. of India with the objective of Road Development in India.

Security money deposit- The contractor deposits about 10% of the tendered amount with the department after tender is accepted. This is inclusive of the earnest money already deposited by the contractor. This money is kept as a check so that the contractor fulfils all the terms and conditions of the contract and carries out the work satisfactorily in accordance with the specification and maintains satisfactory progress for completion of the work. In case of failure in fulfilling the terms of the contract, the whole of the security money or part of it is forfeited by the department. When the contractor completes the work as per drawings, specifications and directions of the department within the specified time, the security money is refunded to the contractor. Normally the security deposit is refunded after the maintenance period, which may be 6 to 12 months after the completion of work, and it's handing over to the department.

E = 2 x 10⁵ N/mm² = 2 x 10¹¹ N/m²
l₁= 100 mm = 0.1 m, l₂= 200 mm = 0.2 m, A₁= 0.0025 m² and A₂= 0.005 m²
δl = δl₁ + δl₂

Pre-consolidation stress: maximum effective stress experienced by the soil.
Normally consolidated soils: Existing effective stress is the highest stress that soil has ever experienced in its stress history.
Over-consolidated soils: current effective stress is less than the pre-consolidation stress
Under-consolidated soils: those soils which are yet to consolidate under existing overburden pressure.

Components of a diversion headwork are:
1) weir proper
2) fish ladder
3) under-sluices
4) canal head regulator
5) divide wall
6) guide banks
7) marginal bunds
Drainage galleries are provided in gravity dams to collect excessive seepage water from the foundation and dam body.

True bearing of AB = Bearing of AB - magnetic declination
True bearing of AB = 280° - 15° = 265°