Democracy In The Contemporary World -Olympiad Level MCQ, Class 9 SST - Class 9 MCQ

China is permanent member along with France , Russia , United kingdom and USA.

Answer:

Years of Pinochet's rule in Chile:

• 17 years

Detailed Explanation:

• Augusto Pinochet ruled Chile for a total of 17 years.


• Pinochet came to power through a military coup on September 11, 1973, overthrowing the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende.


• His rule lasted from 1973 to 1990.


• Pinochet led a military junta as the President of Chile during this period.


• Under his authoritarian regime, thousands of Chileans were arrested, tortured, and killed for their political beliefs.


• He implemented neoliberal economic policies and privatized many state-owned industries.


• Pinochet's rule ended in 1990 when he peacefully transferred power to a democratically-elected civilian government.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: 17 years.

It was a period of decolonisation across Africa and Asia. By 1956, British Togoland, the Ashanti protectorate, and the Fante protectorate were merged with the Gold Coast to create one colony, which became known as the Gold Coast. In 1957, the colony gained independence under the name of Ghana.

In 1988 Pinochet decided to hold a referendum. He felt confident that in this referendum the people say yes to him to continuing his power. But the people of Chile had not forgotten their democratic traditions. So their vote was no to Pinochet... so his military dictatorship came to an end in 1988.

Answer:
The UN Secretary General who stated that the US war on Iraq was illegal is Kofi Annan. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Kofi Annan served as the Secretary General of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006.
- In September 2004, during a BBC interview, Kofi Annan stated that the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was illegal because it was not authorized by the UN Security Council or in self-defense.
- He argued that under the UN Charter, a country can only use force in self-defense or with the explicit approval of the Security Council.
- Kofi Annan's statement was highly controversial, as the legality of the Iraq War was a subject of intense debate at the time.
- While some countries, including the United States and its allies, argued that the war was justified based on previous UN resolutions and the belief that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, Kofi Annan took a different stance.
- He emphasized the importance of adhering to international law and the need for the Security Council to play a central role in authorizing the use of force.
- Kofi Annan's statement added to the criticism and controversy surrounding the Iraq War and highlighted the ongoing debates about the role of the UN in international conflicts.
In conclusion, Kofi Annan, the former UN Secretary General, publicly stated that the US war on Iraq was illegal due to the lack of authorization from the UN Security Council.

Organisation which lends money to governments in need is:

• IMF: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization that provides financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments problems. It lends money to governments in need to help stabilize their economies and support economic reforms.

Explanation:

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was established in 1944 with the goal of promoting global monetary cooperation, securing financial stability, and facilitating international trade. One of the ways in which the IMF achieves these objectives is by providing financial assistance to member countries that are experiencing difficulties in their balance of payments. Here's how the IMF lends money to governments in need:

• Balance of payments problems: When a country is unable to meet its international financial obligations, it is said to have balance of payments problems. This can occur when a country faces a shortage of foreign currency reserves, has a large current account deficit, or experiences a sudden outflow of capital.


• Request for assistance: When a government faces balance of payments problems, it can request financial assistance from the IMF. The government must outline its economic policies and reforms that it plans to implement in exchange for the funds.


• Loan program: If the IMF approves the request for assistance, it will negotiate a loan program with the government. The loan program will specify the amount of money to be lent, the repayment terms, and the economic conditions that the government must meet.


• Disbursement of funds: Once the loan program is agreed upon, the IMF will disburse the funds to the government in need. The government can then use the funds to stabilize its economy, address its balance of payments problems, and implement the agreed-upon economic reforms.


• Monitoring and evaluation: The IMF closely monitors the progress of the government in implementing the economic reforms and meeting the conditions of the loan program. It provides technical assistance and guidance to ensure that the funds are being used effectively and that the country's economy is on track towards stability.


• Repayment of the loan: The government is required to repay the loan to the IMF according to the agreed-upon terms. The repayment may include interest payments and fees.

In summary, the IMF is an organization that lends money to governments in need to help them address balance of payments problems and implement economic reforms. The IMF plays a crucial role in stabilizing economies and promoting global financial stability.

Leader put under house arrest in Myanmar:

• Name: Aung San Suu Kyi

A Referendum is a direct vote in which an entire e lectorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.This may result in the adoption of a new law.

Answer:
The correct answer is C: The World Bank.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It is responsible for promoting economic development and reducing poverty around the world. The World Bank has the authority to ask the concerned government to show all its accounts and direct it to make changes in its economic policy.
Here are the key points to support this answer:
1. The General Assembly: The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the United Nations. It discusses and makes recommendations on various issues, including economic and social matters, but does not have direct authority over a government's accounts or economic policy.
2. The Economic and Social Council: The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. It is responsible for coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies. While it can discuss and make recommendations on economic policies, it does not have direct authority over a government's accounts.
3. The Security Council: The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations and is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It does not have a direct role in overseeing a government's accounts or economic policy.
4. The World Bank: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It has the authority to ask the concerned government to show all its accounts and direct it to make changes in its economic policy.
In conclusion, the international institution that has the authority to ask a concerned government to show all its accounts and direct it to make changes in its economic policy is the World Bank.

Security Council of UN
The Security Council of the United Nations is one of the six main organs of the UN and is responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. It consists of 15 member countries, including 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members.
Permanent Members:
1. United States
2. Russia
3. China
4. United Kingdom
5. France
Non-Permanent Members:
The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. They are chosen based on geographical representation, with five seats allocated to African and Asian countries, one seat for Eastern European countries, two seats for Latin American and Caribbean countries, and two seats for Western European and other countries. The non-permanent members for the 2020-2021 term are:
1. Estonia
2. Niger
3. Tunisia
4. Vietnam
5. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6. South Africa
7. India
8. Ireland
9. Mexico
10. Norway
Therefore, the correct answer is C: 15 member countries.

Meaning of the term 'Veto'
The correct meaning of the term 'Veto' is to stop a decision by a single member.
Explanation:
- Definition: Veto is a term used in decision-making processes, especially in political systems, where it refers to the power or right of a single member to reject or stop a decision.
- Usage: Veto is commonly used in parliamentary systems and international organizations where decisions are made collectively by multiple members.
- Power to Block: When a member exercises a veto, it means that they have the power to block or prevent a decision from being approved or implemented.
- Single Member Decision: The key characteristic of a veto is that it can be exercised by a single member. This means that even if a decision has the support of a majority or two-thirds majority, it can still be stopped by a single member using their veto power.
- Significance: The veto power is often seen as a way to ensure that decisions are not made without the consent or agreement of all members involved. It gives each member an equal say in the decision-making process and protects their interests.
- Examples: The veto power is commonly used in organizations such as the United Nations, where certain member countries have the ability to veto resolutions or decisions. In some parliamentary systems, the head of state or executive branch may also have veto power over legislation passed by the legislative branch.
In conclusion, the correct meaning of the term 'Veto' is to stop a decision by a single member. It is a powerful tool that allows a single member to block or prevent a decision from being approved or implemented, even if it has the support of a majority or two-thirds majority.

Odd one out:
Options:

• A: General Assembly


• B: International Court of Justice


• C: Security Council


• D: Veto

To identify the odd one out, we need to analyze the given options and find the one that does not belong to the same category or concept as the others.
1. General Assembly: The General Assembly is one of the main organs of the United Nations (UN) and consists of all member states. It is responsible for discussing and making recommendations on various global issues.
2. International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It settles legal disputes between member states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.
3. Security Council: The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the UN and is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has the power to impose sanctions, authorize the use of force, and make decisions binding on member states.
4. Veto: A veto is a power held by certain members of the Security Council, known as the permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States). It allows them to block any resolution, regardless of the level of support from other members.
Explanation:
Among the given options, the odd one out is D: Veto. Here's why:
- General Assembly, International Court of Justice, and Security Council are all organs of the United Nations, while Veto is a power exercised within the Security Council.
- General Assembly and International Court of Justice are not directly associated with the concept of veto power.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Veto as it does not belong to the same category as the other options.

Answer:

The first Prime Minister of Ghana was Kwame Nkrumah.

Explanation:

Kwame Nkrumah led Ghana to independence from British colonial rule in 1957 and became the country's first Prime Minister. He played a significant role in the Pan-African movement and was a key figure in the fight against colonialism in Africa.

Below are the details explaining why Kwame Nkrumah is the correct answer:

- Kwame Nkrumah:
- Led Ghana to independence from British colonial rule in 1957.
- Became the country's first Prime Minister.
- Played a significant role in the Pan-African movement.
- Fought against colonialism in Africa.
- Was a prominent advocate for African unity and socialism.
- Served as Prime Minister from 1957 to 1960 and later became the President of Ghana.
- Implemented various social and economic policies to promote development and equality in Ghana.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B: Nkrumah.

Answer:

Background:

• In Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi is a prominent political figure who played a significant role in the country's democratic movement.


• She is known for her advocacy of nonviolent resistance and her efforts to bring democracy to Myanmar.

The National League for Democracy (NLD):

• Aung San Suu Kyi led The National League for Democracy (NLD), which is a major political party in Myanmar.


• The NLD was founded in 1988 and has been active in promoting democracy and human rights in the country.


• Under Aung San Suu Kyi's leadership, the NLD gained significant popularity among the people of Myanmar.


• The NLD won a landslide victory in the 2015 general elections, allowing Aung San Suu Kyi to become the State Counsellor, a position equivalent to a prime minister.

Other Options:

• National Congress: This option is incorrect as there is no known political party or organization called the National Congress led by Aung San Suu Kyi.


• United Workers Party: This option is incorrect as there is no known political party or organization called the United Workers Party led by Aung San Suu Kyi.


• Communist Party: This option is incorrect as Aung San Suu Kyi is known for her pro-democracy stance and has not been associated with the Communist Party.

Conclusion:

• Aung San Suu Kyi led The National League for Democracy (NLD) in Myanmar.


• Under her leadership, the NLD achieved significant success in promoting democracy and human rights in the country.


• In the 2015 general elections, the NLD won a landslide victory, allowing Aung San Suu Kyi to become the State Counsellor.

Organ of the United Nations responsible for maintaining peace and security:

• UN Security Council: The United Nations Security Council is the organ responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries.

Explanation:

• The UN Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations and is composed of 15 member countries.


• Its primary responsibility is to maintain international peace and security.


• The Security Council has the authority to make decisions that member countries are obligated to implement.


• It can take various actions to address threats to international peace and security, including imposing sanctions, authorizing the use of force, or establishing peacekeeping missions.


• The Security Council has the power to investigate disputes, mediate conflicts, and recommend peaceful solutions.


• It plays a crucial role in preventing and resolving conflicts around the world.

Establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established with the following objectives:
1. Promoting International Monetary Cooperation
- The IMF was created to foster global monetary cooperation and stability among member countries.
- It aims to prevent financial crises and maintain stability in the international monetary system.
2. Providing Financial Assistance
- The IMF provides financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments problems.
- It offers loans and financial support to help countries overcome temporary economic difficulties and stabilize their economies.
3. Facilitating International Trade
- The IMF works to promote and facilitate international trade by providing a stable monetary framework.
- It helps countries maintain exchange rate stability and avoid competitive devaluations that could undermine global trade.
4. Surveillance and Policy Advice
- The IMF monitors economic and financial developments in member countries and provides policy advice to promote sound economic policies.
- It conducts regular assessments of member countries' economies and offers recommendations to improve their economic performance.
5. Capacity Development and Technical Assistance
- The IMF provides technical assistance and capacity development programs to help member countries strengthen their economic institutions and policies.
- It supports member countries in areas such as fiscal management, monetary policy, financial sector regulation, and macroeconomic stability.
Overall, the establishment of the IMF aimed to promote global economic stability, prevent financial crises, and support member countries in their economic development efforts. Its primary function is to provide financial assistance and policy advice to member nations in times of economic need.

Leader of Solidarity Movement in Poland:
Lech Walesa
- Lech Walesa was the leader of the Solidarity Movement in Poland.
- He was a Polish trade union organizer and human rights activist.
- Walesa played a crucial role in the establishment of the independent trade union "Solidarity" in 1980.
- Solidarity became the first independent trade union in a Warsaw Pact country.
- Under Walesa's leadership, Solidarity grew rapidly and became a powerful force for change in Poland.
- The movement advocated for workers' rights and political freedom.
- Solidarity played a significant role in bringing an end to communist rule in Poland.
- Walesa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his efforts.
- He served as the President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.
- Walesa continues to be a prominent figure in Polish politics and activism.

An invasion is a military offensive in which large parts of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory, forcing the partition of a country, altering the established government or gaining concessions from said government, or a combination thereof. An invasion can be the cause of a war, be a part of a larger strategy to end a war, or it can constitute an entire war in itself. 

Soviet Union Breakup

The Soviet Union broke up in the year 1991. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Background: The Soviet Union, also known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was a federation of multiple Soviet republics, led by the Communist Party.


• Factors leading to breakup: Several factors contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union:




• Political and economic instability


• Nationalism and demands for independence from the republics


• Inefficient centralized economic planning


• Growing discontent among the population




• The year 1991: The Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 26, 1991. This marked the end of the Cold War era and the beginning of a new geopolitical landscape.


• Declaration of Independence: Throughout 1991, several Soviet republics declared their independence, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, and others. The declaration of independence by these republics weakened the central authority of the Soviet Union.


• August Coup: In August 1991, a group of hardline Communist Party members attempted a coup to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup failed, and this event further accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.


• Formation of new countries: Following the breakup, the Soviet Union was replaced by the Russian Federation, while the other republics became independent countries.

In summary, the Soviet Union broke up in the year 1991 due to political, economic, and social factors, leading to the declaration of independence by multiple Soviet republics and the eventual dissolution of the union.

The first country to give universal adult suffrage was New Zealand.

Explanation:

• New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant universal adult suffrage, allowing all adult citizens to vote regardless of gender.


• This significant milestone in democratic rights was achieved on September 19, 1893.


• Prior to this, only a few countries had granted limited suffrage to women, such as the Isle of Man and some Australian colonies.


• New Zealand's achievement paved the way for other countries to follow suit and eventually grant voting rights to all citizens.

Key Information:
- The question asks which of the following individuals in the UN has always been a citizen of the US.
- The options provided are Treasury Secretary, President of the World Bank, Finance Secretary, and Secretary General.
- We need to identify the individual who has always been a citizen of the US.
Analysis of Options:
A: Treasury Secretary
- The Treasury Secretary is a member of the US government and not a position within the UN. Therefore, this option is not applicable.
B: President of the World Bank
- The President of the World Bank is an important position within the UN. This individual is responsible for leading the World Bank Group, which provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries.
- The World Bank is an international organization, and its President can be appointed from any member country.
- Therefore, it is possible for the President of the World Bank to be a citizen of the US.
C: Finance Secretary
- The position of Finance Secretary is not a specific role within the UN. Therefore, this option is not applicable.
D: Secretary General
- The Secretary General is the chief administrative officer of the UN and is responsible for overseeing its activities and representing the organization.
- The Secretary General can be appointed from any member country, so it is possible for the Secretary General to be a citizen of the US.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, the individual who has always been a citizen of the US is the President of the World Bank (Option B).

The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly.

The autocratic government in Poland was supported and controlled by Russia.

Explanation:

• Russia supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland during the relevant time period.


• Poland has a complex history with Russia, including periods of control and influence by Russian authorities.


• During the specified time period, Russia maintained close ties with the Polish government and exerted significant control over its policies and actions.


• This support and control by Russia allowed the autocratic government in Poland to remain in power and make decisions aligned with Russian interests.


• The influence of Russia on the Polish government can be attributed to historical, geopolitical, and strategic factors.

In conclusion, Russia supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland during the specified time period.