Indian Politics Quiz : 1 - Year 5 MCQ

The Parliament of India cannot be regarded as a sovereign body because:

1. Legislation limited to subjects entrusted to the Centre: The Parliament of India can only legislate on subjects that have been specifically entrusted to the Centre by the Constitution. It does not have unlimited legislative powers and cannot make laws on all subjects.


2. Operates within the limits prescribed by the Constitution: The Parliament of India operates within the limits and framework prescribed by the Constitution. It cannot act beyond the powers granted to it by the Constitution and must adhere to the constitutional provisions.


3. Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional: The Supreme Court of India has the authority to declare laws passed by Parliament as unconstitutional if they contravene the provisions of the Constitution. This means that the Parliament is not the final authority in determining the constitutionality of its laws.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: All of the above. The Parliament of India is not a sovereign body as it has limitations on its legislative powers, operates within the constitutional framework, and its laws can be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

The name of the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands was changed to Lakshadweep by an Act of Parliament in 1973.
The Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands are a group of islands located in the Arabian Sea. The name of these islands was officially changed to Lakshadweep by an Act of Parliament in 1973. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The islands were originally named Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi by the British.
- These islands were under the administrative control of Madras Presidency during the British rule.
Reason for the name change:
- The name change was initiated to reflect the cultural and historical significance of the islands.
- The term "Lakshadweep" means "a hundred thousand islands" in Sanskrit, which is more representative of the archipelago's geological and geographical characteristics.
Process of name change:
- The Act of Parliament was passed in 1973 to officially change the name of the islands.
- The Act was titled "The Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973."
- The Act received the President's assent on 21st December 1973 and was published in the Gazette of India on the same day.
- The name change came into effect from the date of publication in the Gazette.
Significance of the name change:
- The name change to Lakshadweep helped in preserving the cultural identity and heritage of the islands.
- It also facilitated better recognition and promotion of the islands as a popular tourist destination.
- The new name reflects the diverse marine life, coral reefs, and natural beauty of the archipelago.
In conclusion, the name of the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi islands was changed to Lakshadweep by an Act of Parliament in 1973. This name change holds cultural, historical, and geographical significance, as it represents the unique characteristics and beauty of the archipelago.

The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by elected members of the legislative assembly.
The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India. It represents the states and union territories of the country. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the legislative assembly of each state and union territory. Here is a detailed explanation of the process:
1. Composition of the Rajya Sabha:
- The Rajya Sabha consists of a maximum of 250 members.
- Of these, 238 members are elected by the elected members of the legislative assembly of each state and union territory.
- The remaining 12 members are nominated by the President of India.
2. Electoral process:
- The members of the legislative assembly of each state and union territory vote to elect the members of the Rajya Sabha.
- The election is conducted by a system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
- The voting is done through a secret ballot.
3. Allocation of seats:
- The allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha is based on the population of each state and union territory.
- The number of seats allocated to each state and union territory is determined by the President of India based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission.
4. Term of office:
- The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six years.
- Every two years, one-third of the members retire and new members are elected to fill the vacancies.
5. Representation of states and union territories:
- The Rajya Sabha ensures representation of states and union territories in the Parliament.
- It provides a platform for the states and union territories to voice their concerns and interests in the legislative process.
6. Role and functions:
- The Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in the law-making process, as it reviews and suggests amendments to bills passed by the Lok Sabha (lower house).
- It also has the power to initiate legislation, except for money bills.
- The Rajya Sabha acts as a check on the Lok Sabha, ensuring the representation of diverse voices and viewpoints.
In conclusion, the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the legislative assembly of each state and union territory. This ensures representation and participation of states and union territories in the legislative process and upholds the principles of federalism in India.

The members of the panchayat are elected by the electorates of the respective territorial constituencies.

• Nominated by the district officer: This option is incorrect as the members of the panchayat are not nominated by the district officer. They are elected by the people.


• The electorates of the respective territorial constituencies: This is the correct option. The members of the panchayat are elected by the people residing in the respective territorial constituencies.


• Nominated by local self-government minister of the state: This option is incorrect as the members of the panchayat are not nominated by the local self-government minister. They are elected by the people.


• Nominated by the block development organization: This option is incorrect as the members of the panchayat are not nominated by the block development organization. They are elected by the people.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer as the members of the panchayat are elected by the electorates of the respective territorial constituencies. They are chosen through a democratic process where eligible voters cast their votes to elect their representatives in the panchayat. This ensures that the members truly represent the will and aspirations of the people they serve.

The power to decide an election petition is vested in the:
The correct answer is C: High courts.
Explanation:
- Election petitions are legal disputes that arise after an election where a candidate or party challenges the validity of the election results.
- The power to decide an election petition is vested in the High courts of India.
- The High courts have been given this authority under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
- When an election petition is filed, it is heard and decided by the High court of the respective state or union territory where the election took place.
- The High court acts as a quasi-judicial body and conducts a thorough examination of the facts and evidence presented in the petition.
- The court has the power to summon witnesses, examine documents, and make a decision based on the merits of the case.
- The decision of the High court can be appealed in the Supreme Court if there are legal grounds for further review.
- The Election Commission, mentioned in option D, is responsible for the conduct and management of elections but does not have the power to decide election petitions.
Therefore, the power to decide an election petition is vested in the High courts.

The Present Lok Sabha is the 15th Lok Sabha.
Explanation:
The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India and is responsible for making laws and representing the people of India. It is composed of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected by the people through a general election.
The Lok Sabha has a tenure of five years, unless dissolved earlier. After each general election, a new Lok Sabha is formed and given a number based on its sequence.
The present Lok Sabha is the 15th Lok Sabha, which was formed after the general elections held in 2019. It consists of 543 elected members, representing various constituencies across India. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer and is responsible for maintaining order and conducting the proceedings of the house.
The Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in the legislative process and is responsible for debating and passing bills, discussing important issues, and holding the government accountable. It is an essential institution for democracy in India and represents the voice of the people.

The Parliament of India can make use of the residuary powers:
There are four options given in the question, and we need to determine which one is correct. Let's examine each option:
A: At all times
- This option suggests that the Parliament of India can use the residuary powers at any time.
- Residuary powers refer to the powers that are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution and are left to the Union government.
- These powers can be used by the Parliament whenever there is a need to legislate on matters not covered by the Union List, State List, or Concurrent List.
- This option indicates that the Parliament can exercise residuary powers whenever necessary, regardless of any specific circumstances.
- Since residuary powers are always available to the Parliament, this option seems to be correct.
B: Only during national emergency
- This option suggests that the Parliament can use residuary powers only during a national emergency.
- However, residuary powers are not limited to a national emergency but can be used in normal circumstances as well.
- Therefore, this option is incorrect.
C: During national emergency as well as constitutional emergency as well in a state
- This option implies that the Parliament can use residuary powers during both national and constitutional emergencies.
- However, residuary powers are not restricted to emergencies but can be used even in normal circumstances.
- Additionally, the option seems to have a repetition of the phrase "as well" which might be a typo.
- Therefore, this option is incorrect.
D: None of the above
- This option suggests that none of the given options are correct.
- However, based on the analysis of the previous options, it can be concluded that option A is indeed correct.
- Therefore, this option is incorrect.
Conclusion:
After examining all the options, we can determine that the correct answer is option A: At all times. The Parliament of India can make use of the residuary powers at any time, regardless of any specific circumstances.

Members of Lok Sabha hold office for a term of 5 years. Here is a detailed explanation:
Explanation:
- Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India, and its members are elected by the people of India through general elections.
- The term of office for members of Lok Sabha is specified in Article 83(2) of the Constitution of India.
- According to this article, the term of the Lok Sabha is 5 years from the date of its first meeting, unless it is dissolved earlier.
- The Constitution also allows for the extension of the term during a national emergency, as specified in Article 352.
- However, if the President of India dissolves the Lok Sabha before the completion of its term, new elections must be held within six months to form a new Lok Sabha.
- The term of 5 years ensures a stable government and continuity in the functioning of the Parliament.
- During their term, members of Lok Sabha represent the interests and concerns of their respective constituencies and participate in the legislative process.
- They debate and discuss various issues, propose and pass laws, and hold the government accountable for its actions.
- The duration of the term also provides an opportunity for the government to implement its policies and programs effectively.
In conclusion, members of Lok Sabha hold office for a term of 5 years, unless the Lok Sabha is dissolved earlier or the term is extended due to a national emergency.

Method of control over executive:
- Questions: Members of Parliament can ask questions to the council of ministers to seek clarifications, information, or explanations on various issues. This allows the Parliament to hold the executive accountable for their actions and decisions.
- Supplementary questions: If the answers provided by the council of ministers are not satisfactory or require further clarification, the members of Parliament can ask supplementary questions to delve deeper into the matter. This helps in ensuring transparency and accountability in the functioning of the executive.
- Adjournment motions: Members of Parliament can move adjournment motions to draw the attention of the council of ministers to a specific issue or to discuss a matter of urgent public importance. This motion, if accepted, leads to the suspension of the normal business of the Parliament and a debate on the proposed issue. It allows the Parliament to exert control over the executive by highlighting pressing matters that require immediate attention.
- None of the above: This option is wrongly listed as a method of control over the executive. In reality, all the mentioned methods (questions, supplementary questions, and adjournment motions) serve as effective tools for the Parliament to exercise control over the council of ministers.

The number of writs that can be prayed for and issued by the Supreme Court and/or a High Court is:
C: 5
Explanation:
The Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to issue various writs under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Indian Constitution, respectively. These writs are legal remedies that can be sought by individuals or organizations to protect their fundamental rights or challenge the actions of the government.
The five types of writs that can be prayed for and issued by the Supreme Court and/or a High Court are:
1. Writ of Habeas Corpus: This writ is used to protect an individual's right to personal liberty. It is issued to ensure that a person who has been detained unlawfully is produced before the court.
2. Writ of Mandamus: This writ is issued to a public official or a government authority to perform their duty or refrain from doing an act that they are not authorized to do.
3. Writ of Prohibition: This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent it from exceeding its jurisdiction or acting beyond its powers.
4. Writ of Certiorari: This writ is issued to quash the order or decision of a lower court or tribunal. It is usually issued when there is an error of law or jurisdiction.
5. Writ of Quo Warranto: This writ is issued to inquire into the legality of a person holding a public office and to determine whether they have the authority or qualifications to hold that office.
These five writs provide important legal remedies to safeguard individual rights and ensure the proper functioning of the government and its authorities.

The minimum age to qualify for election to the Lok Sabha is 25 years.
Explanation:
- The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India and is composed of members elected by the people of India.
- The minimum age requirement for a person to be eligible for election to the Lok Sabha is 25 years.
- This age requirement is specified in the Constitution of India, which lays down the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of the Lok Sabha.
- The rationale behind setting the minimum age at 25 years is to ensure that individuals have sufficient maturity and experience before they can become members of the Parliament and participate in the legislative process.
- This requirement is in line with the general principle that individuals should attain a certain level of maturity before they can take on important responsibilities and make decisions that affect the nation.
- It is also important to note that there may be additional qualifications and disqualifications for membership of the Lok Sabha, such as citizenship, residence, and not holding any office of profit under the government.
- These additional requirements are specified in the Representation of the People Act, 1951, which governs the conduct of elections in India.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: 25 years.

Explanation:
The pension of a high court judge is charged to the Consolidated Fund of India. Here's why:
Consolidated Fund of India:
- The Consolidated Fund of India is a fund established under Article 266(1) of the Indian Constitution.
- It is the most important fund of the Government of India and is used to meet the expenses of the government.
- All revenues received by the government, loans raised by it, and money received in repayment of loans are credited to this fund.
- The expenses charged on this fund include salaries and allowances of the President, the Vice-President, the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, and other expenses authorized by the Parliament.
Pension of a High Court Judge:
- When a high court judge retires, he/she is entitled to receive a pension as per the provisions of the High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1954.
- The pension is a retirement benefit provided to ensure financial security for the judge after retirement.
- The pension of a high court judge is considered as an expense authorized by the Parliament and is therefore charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the pension of a high court judge is charged to the Consolidated Fund of India as it is an authorized expense under the High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1954.

The preamble of the Indian Constitution states that the state will assure the dignity of the individual. To achieve this objective, the constitution guarantees the following:
Fundamental Rights:
- The constitution provides equal fundamental rights to each citizen. These rights include the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, right to life and personal liberty, and protection against discrimination.
Right to Adequate Means of Livelihood:
- While the constitution does not explicitly guarantee the right to adequate means of livelihood, it indirectly ensures this by providing for social and economic rights. These include the right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases.
Just and Humane Conditions of Work:
- The constitution guarantees just and humane conditions of work to each individual. This includes provisions for fair wages, reasonable working hours, and safe working conditions.
Equal Wages for Equal Work:
- The constitution ensures that there is no discrimination based on sex in matters of employment and wages. It guarantees equal wages for equal work to each individual, irrespective of their sex.
In conclusion, the Indian Constitution seeks to assure the dignity of the individual by guaranteeing equal fundamental rights, the right to adequate means of livelihood, just and humane conditions of work, and equal wages for equal work.

The minimum age of the voter in India is 18 years. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. The Constitution of India, under Article 326, grants the right to vote to every citizen who is 18 years of age or above. This means that any individual who has reached the age of 18 is eligible to vote in elections.
2. Prior to the 61st Amendment Act of 1988, the minimum voting age in India was 21 years. However, this was reduced to 18 years to align with the universal adult suffrage principle and to provide equal voting rights to all citizens.
3. The 18-year age limit was chosen to ensure that young adults, who are considered mature enough to make informed decisions, have a say in the democratic process. It allows them to actively participate in shaping the future of the country.
4. The Election Commission of India is responsible for conducting elections and ensuring that all eligible citizens are able to exercise their right to vote. They issue voter ID cards to individuals who have reached the age of 18 and fulfill the necessary criteria.
In conclusion, the minimum age of the voter in India is 18 years. This provision was introduced to ensure that young adults have the opportunity to participate in the democratic process and have a voice in the governance of the country.

Answer:
The correct answer is option C: President on a report by the Supreme Court. The members of a State Commission can be removed by the President based on a report submitted by the Supreme Court.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Role of State Commission:
- State Commissions are appointed to safeguard the rights and interests of the citizens.
- They are responsible for investigating and addressing complaints related to violations of rights and injustices.
Removal of State Commission Members:
- The President holds the authority to remove the members of a State Commission.
- This removal is initiated based on a report submitted by the Supreme Court.
- The Supreme Court is entrusted with the task of evaluating the performance and conduct of State Commission members.
- If the Supreme Court finds any misconduct, inefficiency, or incapacity on the part of the members, it submits a report to the President.
Other Options:
- Option A: Governor on a report by the Supreme Court - This option is incorrect as the Governor does not have the power to remove State Commission members.
- Option B: Governor on a resolution passed by Parliament - This option is incorrect as the Governor's role is limited in the removal of State Commission members.
- Option D: President on a resolution passed by Parliament - This option is incorrect as the President's action is based on the report by the Supreme Court, not a resolution passed by Parliament.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: President on a report by the Supreme Court.

The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the state legislative assemblies. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background Information:
The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India. It represents the states and union territories of India. The members of the Rajya Sabha are not directly elected by the people, unlike the members of the Lok Sabha (lower house). Instead, they are elected by the members of the state legislative assemblies.
Explanation:
The process of electing members to the Rajya Sabha is as follows:
1. Each state and union territory is allocated a certain number of seats in the Rajya Sabha, which is based on its population and other factors.
2. The members of the state legislative assemblies, who are elected by the people through universal adult franchise, have the responsibility of electing the members of the Rajya Sabha.
3. The election is conducted through a system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
4. The members of the state legislative assemblies cast their votes to elect the members of the Rajya Sabha.
5. The candidates who secure the required number of votes are elected as members of the Rajya Sabha.
Conclusion:
In summary, the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the state legislative assemblies. This ensures that the Rajya Sabha represents the interests and concerns of the states and union territories in the Indian Parliament.

The President's Address to the Houses of Parliament
The President of a country addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together on certain occasions. Among the options provided (A, B, C, D), the correct answer is C, which states that the President addresses the Houses of Parliament in the first session after each general election and the first session of each year.
Here is a detailed explanation of the different scenarios when the President addresses both Houses of Parliament:
First Session after Each General Election:
- After a general election, the President addresses both Houses of Parliament in the first session. This is done to outline the government's policies and agenda for the upcoming term. It serves as a platform for the President to communicate the priorities and goals of the government to the Members of Parliament.
First Session of Each Year:
- The President also addresses both Houses of Parliament in the first session of each year. This annual address is commonly known as the "President's Address" or the "President's Speech." It allows the President to review the achievements of the government in the past year and present plans for the upcoming year.
Emergency Session Summoned for the Purpose:
- Option A states that the President addresses both Houses of Parliament during an emergency session summoned for the purpose. While this can happen in exceptional circumstances, it is not a regular occurrence. Emergency sessions are typically called to address urgent matters and may or may not involve the President's address.
Any Session:
- Option D suggests that the President can address both Houses of Parliament during any session. However, this is incorrect as the President's address is not a routine occurrence during every session. It is reserved for specific occasions mentioned in option C.
In conclusion, the President of a country addresses both Houses of Parliament in the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. These addresses serve as important platforms for the President to communicate the government's policies, achievements, and future plans to the Members of Parliament and the nation as a whole.

The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Explanation:
The dissolution of the Lok Sabha refers to the termination of its current term before its completion. The President of India, as the head of the state, has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. However, this power is not exercised by the President independently, but rather on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Here is a detailed explanation of the options given:
- Advice of the Prime Minister: The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. This means that the Prime Minister, who is the head of the government, recommends the dissolution of the Lok Sabha to the President. The President, being a constitutional figurehead, acts on the advice of the Prime Minister in this matter.
- Advice of the Chief Justice of India: The Chief Justice of India does not have the authority to advise the President on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary and is responsible for the administration of justice. Their role is separate from the executive decision-making process of dissolving the Lok Sabha.
- Recommendation of Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha cannot recommend its own dissolution. The dissolution of the Lok Sabha is a decision made by the executive branch of the government, and the Lok Sabha, as the lower house of Parliament, does not have the power to recommend its own dissolution.
- Recommendation of the Rajya Sabha: The Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of Parliament, also does not have the power to recommend the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha's role is primarily to represent the states and territories of India and to review and suggest amendments to legislation passed by the Lok Sabha.
In conclusion, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. This decision is made by the executive branch of the government and is not influenced by the Chief Justice of India, Lok Sabha, or Rajya Sabha.

The President can expend out of the Contingency Fund of India:
The correct answer is B: without the approval of the Parliament.
Explanation:
- The Contingency Fund of India is a fund established by the Indian government to meet unforeseen expenditures.
- The President of India has the authority to make advances out of this fund to meet unforeseen expenses that may arise during the course of the year.
- The President can expend out of the Contingency Fund without the approval of the Parliament.
- This allows the President to quickly respond to urgent and unforeseen financial requirements without going through the lengthy process of obtaining parliamentary approval.
- However, it is important to note that there are certain limitations on the amount that can be expended from the Contingency Fund.
- The President must submit a report to the Parliament regarding the expenditure from the fund as soon as possible.
- The Parliament has the authority to review and scrutinize the expenditure made from the Contingency Fund during its session.
- Therefore, while the President can expend from the Contingency Fund without parliamentary approval, the expenditure is subject to parliamentary scrutiny and oversight.

The pre-requisite for the enforcement of directive principles of the state policy is adequate resources.
Directive principles of state policy are the guidelines or principles laid down in the Constitution of a country that serves as a framework for the government and its policies. These principles aim to promote the welfare and well-being of the citizens and ensure social justice.
Here are the reasons why adequate resources are the pre-requisite for the enforcement of directive principles of state policy:
1. Financial capacity: Adequate resources, including financial resources, are necessary for the government to implement policies and programs that align with the directive principles. Without sufficient funds, it would be difficult to execute these principles effectively.
2. Infrastructure development: Implementing directive principles often requires the development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, roads, and irrigation facilities. Adequate resources are needed to invest in the construction and maintenance of such infrastructure.
3. Social welfare programs: Directive principles often focus on social welfare programs like poverty alleviation, healthcare, education, and social security. These programs require substantial financial resources to be implemented and sustained.
4. Human resource development: Adequate resources are necessary for the training and development of human resources to effectively implement the directive principles. This includes investing in education and skill development programs.
5. Economic growth and development: Adequate resources are essential for promoting economic growth and development, which in turn supports the enforcement of directive principles. A strong economy generates revenue for the government, enabling it to allocate resources towards the implementation of these principles.
In conclusion, adequate resources are crucial for the enforcement of directive principles of state policy as they provide the financial capacity to implement social welfare programs, develop infrastructure, invest in human resource development, and support economic growth and development. Without sufficient resources, the effective enforcement of these principles would be challenging.

The Objectives Resolution, which laid down the main objectives to guide the deliberations of the Assembly, was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Explanation:
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, played a crucial role in the framing of the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. The resolution was moved on 13 December 1946 and was adopted on 22 January 1947. It outlined the fundamental principles and goals that would shape the future Constitution of India. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Background: The Constituent Assembly of India was formed to draft a Constitution for independent India after its partition. The Objectives Resolution was a significant step in this process.
- Role of Jawaharlal Nehru: As the leader of the Indian National Congress and a prominent member of the Constituent Assembly, Nehru played a key role in shaping India's vision for the future.
- Main Objectives: The Objectives Resolution aimed to establish a democratic and secular nation that ensured justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all its citizens. It also sought to promote social and economic rights, eradicate poverty, and uplift the marginalized sections of society.
- Key Principles: The resolution emphasized the principles of democracy, socialism, secularism, and non-alignment. It aimed to create a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.
- Adoption and Impact: The Objectives Resolution laid the foundation for the drafting of the Indian Constitution. It influenced the framing of various provisions, including the Preamble, fundamental rights, and directive principles of state policy.
- Nehru's Vision: Nehru's vision for an independent India was reflected in the Objectives Resolution. He believed in creating a modern, progressive, and inclusive nation that would prioritize the welfare and development of its people.
In conclusion, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly, which played a significant role in shaping the principles and objectives of the future Indian Constitution.

Explanation:
The president of India has the power to advance money to meet unforeseen expenses, pending authorization by Parliament, from the Contingency Fund. This fund is specifically created to provide immediate financial assistance in case of unforeseen emergencies or urgent situations.
Reasons:
The reasons behind choosing option B as the correct answer are:
1. The Consolidated Fund of India: The Consolidated Fund is the primary fund of the government where all revenues received by the government, including taxes, duties, and other receipts, are deposited. However, the president cannot directly advance money from this fund without the authorization of Parliament.
2. The Contingency Fund: The Contingency Fund of India is specifically created under Article 267 of the Indian Constitution to meet unforeseen expenses that cannot be delayed. It is a reserve fund that exists solely for the purpose of providing immediate financial assistance in case of emergencies.
3. Authorization by Parliament: Although the president has the power to advance money from the Contingency Fund, it is subject to the subsequent approval and authorization by Parliament. This ensures that there is parliamentary oversight and accountability for the utilization of these funds.
4. Unforeseen Expenses: The president can utilize the Contingency Fund for unforeseen expenses that arise due to emergencies, natural disasters, or any urgent situations that require immediate financial assistance. This fund provides the necessary flexibility to address such unforeseen circumstances.
Therefore, option B, which states that the president can advance money from the Contingency Fund, is the correct answer.

The position of a chief minister is:
The correct answer is A. similar to that of the prime minister.
Explanation:
The position of a chief minister can be understood by comparing it to the position of the prime minister. Here are the key points to consider:
1. Head of Government: Just like the prime minister, the chief minister is the head of the government in a state or a province within a country.
2. Executive Authority: The chief minister, like the prime minister, holds executive authority and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the state or province.
3. Appointment: Similar to the prime minister, the chief minister is usually appointed by the governor or the president, depending on the country's constitutional provisions.
4. Council of Ministers: The chief minister, like the prime minister, has a council of ministers who assist in the governance and decision-making process.
5. Legislative Function: The chief minister, like the prime minister, has an important role in the legislative process. They are usually a member of the state legislature and represent their party's interests.
6. Relationship with the President/Head of State: While the chief minister works closely with the governor or the president, it is important to note that their position is not identical to that of the president. The president is the head of state and represents the entire country, whereas the chief minister represents a specific state or province.
In conclusion, the position of a chief minister is similar to that of the prime minister, with both holding executive authority, leading the government, and being responsible for the administration of their respective regions.

The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term:
A: of six years
- The correct answer is A. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six years.
B: determined by the state legislative assembly of a state
- This statement is incorrect. The term of members of the Rajya Sabha is not determined by the state legislative assembly of a state.
C: of four years
- This statement is incorrect. The term of members of the Rajya Sabha is not four years.
D: None of the above
- The correct answer is not D. The correct answer is A, which states that the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six years.
In conclusion, the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six years. This is the correct answer among the options provided.

The office of the president can fall vacant due to:
- Resignation: The president may voluntarily choose to resign from their position, leading to a vacancy in the office.
- Death: In the unfortunate event of the president's death, the office becomes vacant.
- Removal: The president can be removed from office through various means, such as impeachment or a vote of no confidence, resulting in a vacancy.
Detailed Explanation:
- Resignation: The president may decide to resign due to personal reasons, health issues, or other factors that make them unable or unwilling to continue serving as the head of state. This voluntary resignation creates a vacancy in the office.
- Death: If the president passes away while in office, whether due to natural causes, illness, or any other reason, the office becomes vacant. This can lead to a succession process depending on the country's constitution or laws.
- Removal: The president can be removed from office through various means, such as impeachment or a vote of no confidence. Impeachment typically involves charges of serious misconduct or violation of the constitution, and if the president is found guilty, they can be removed from office, resulting in a vacancy. Similarly, a vote of no confidence by the legislative body can lead to the removal of the president and a vacancy in the office.
Summary:
The office of the president can fall vacant due to resignation, death, or removal. Resignation occurs when the president voluntarily steps down from their position, death occurs in the unfortunate event of the president's passing, and removal can happen through impeachment or a vote of no confidence. These circumstances create a vacancy in the office and may trigger a succession process depending on the country's laws.

Answer:
The president can dismiss a member of the council of ministers on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. This is explained in Article 75(2) of the Indian Constitution.
Reasoning:
The role of the president in the dismissal of a member of the council of ministers is as follows:
1. Article 75(2) of the Indian Constitution:
According to Article 75(2), "The Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President." This means that the president has the power to dismiss a member of the council of ministers.
2. Recommendation of the Prime Minister:
The dismissal of a member of the council of ministers by the president is done on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of the council of ministers and is responsible for advising the president on matters related to the council.
3. Prime Minister's authority:
The Prime Minister has the authority to recommend the dismissal of a member of the council of ministers if they are found to be unfit for the position or are not performing their duties effectively. The Prime Minister is responsible for maintaining the efficiency and integrity of the council.
4. President's decision:
While the president has the power to dismiss a member of the council of ministers, they do not have the authority to do so on their own. The president can only act upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister, who holds the actual authority in matters related to the council.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Background:
- In the 1920s, India witnessed a growing demand for political reforms and independence from British rule.
- The non-cooperation movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, aimed to boycott British institutions and goods as a means of protest.
Appointment of the Statutory Commission:
- The president's demand for further reforms and the dislocation caused by the non-cooperation movement prompted the British government to take action.
- In 1927, the British government appointed a Statutory Commission to assess the political situation in India and propose constitutional reforms.
- The commission was tasked with examining the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and determining the best way forward.
Head of the Statutory Commission:
- The Statutory Commission was headed by Sir John Simon, an English statesman and lawyer.
- John Simon had previously served as a Member of Parliament and held various ministerial positions in the British government.
- He was known for his conservative views and had played a role in drafting the Government of India Act of 1919.
Outcome:
- The Simon Commission's recommendations were met with strong opposition from Indian political leaders who criticized its composition and lack of Indian representation.
- The commission's failure to address the demand for complete independence further fueled the Indian independence movement.
- The appointment of the Simon Commission and its subsequent recommendations played a significant role in shaping India's path towards independence.

The office of the prime minister of India:
A: Has a constitutional basis
- The office of the prime minister of India has a constitutional basis as it is mentioned in the Constitution of India.
- Article 75 of the Indian Constitution deals with the appointment, powers, and functions of the prime minister.
- According to the constitution, the prime minister is the head of the council of ministers and is responsible for the governance of the country.
B: Does not have a statutory basis
- The office of the prime minister does not have a statutory basis as it is not created by any specific legislation.
- It is established and defined by the Constitution itself, which is the supreme law of the land.
C: Does not have a conventional basis
- The office of the prime minister does not have a conventional basis as it is not based on custom or tradition.
- It is a constitutional position with defined roles and responsibilities.
D: None of the above
- The correct answer is A: Has a constitutional basis.
In conclusion, the office of the prime minister of India has a constitutional basis as it is mentioned and defined in the Indian Constitution. It is not based on any specific legislation or conventional practices.

The Judiciary is empowered to determine finally as to whether or not a particular matter falls under residuary powers.
The residuary powers refer to the powers to legislate on matters that are not specifically mentioned in any of the three lists - Union List, State List, and Concurrent List - under the Indian Constitution. The Constitution of India provides for a clear division of powers between the Union and the States, and any matter not explicitly listed falls under the residuary powers.
Here is a detailed explanation of why the Judiciary is empowered to determine the categorization of a particular matter:
1. Role of the Judiciary: The Judiciary has the authority to interpret the Constitution and serve as the final arbiter in matters of law and constitutional interpretation.
2. Judicial Review: The concept of judicial review empowers the Judiciary to review the actions of the legislative and executive branches of government to ensure their compliance with the Constitution. This includes determining whether a particular matter falls within the realm of residuary powers.
3. Resolving Disputes: In case there is a dispute or ambiguity regarding the legislative competence of the Union or the States, the Judiciary intervenes to resolve the matter and provide a final decision.
4. Supreme Court as the Apex Court: The Supreme Court of India is the final appellate court and the highest judicial authority in the country. It has the power to interpret the Constitution and make binding decisions on matters related to residuary powers.
5. Precedents: The Judiciary relies on past precedents and established principles of law while making decisions on matters related to residuary powers. The Supreme Court has the authority to set precedents that lower courts must follow.
In conclusion, the Judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court of India, is empowered to determine finally whether or not a particular matter falls under the category of residuary powers. Its authority to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes makes it the appropriate body to make such decisions.

Members of the Parliamentary Committee:
The correct answer is C, which states that the members of the Parliamentary Committee are taken from various groups and parties in Parliament in proportion to their respective strength. Let's break down the answer and explain it in detail:
Explanation:
- The Parliamentary Committee is a group of members from the Parliament who are responsible for examining and scrutinizing various issues and legislations.
- The committee is formed to ensure a comprehensive representation of different groups and parties in Parliament, reflecting the diversity of opinions and perspectives.
- The members of the committee are selected in proportion to the strength of each group or party in Parliament, meaning that larger groups or parties will have a greater number of members on the committee.
- This ensures that the committee represents a fair distribution of power and allows for a balanced decision-making process.
- The committee members are not appointed by the president or the speaker, as mentioned in options A and B, but rather selected from within the Parliament itself.
- The selection process may involve consultations and discussions among the various groups and parties to achieve a consensus on the representation in the committee.
- This approach helps to promote inclusivity, accountability, and transparency in the decision-making process, as it reflects the collective will and mandate of the Parliament as a whole.
Therefore, option C correctly describes the process of selecting members for the Parliamentary Committee, which is taken from various groups and parties in Parliament in proportion to their respective strength.