Indian Politics Quiz : 2 - Year 5 MCQ

Proposing a Candidate for the Office of President of India
To propose a candidate for the office of President of India, the following rules apply:
A. Any five citizens of India:
- This means that any group of five citizens, regardless of their affiliation or position, can propose a candidate for the office of President.
- The citizens must be Indian nationals.
B. Any five members of the Parliament:
- This allows any group of five members from either the Lok Sabha (Lower House) or the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of the Parliament of India to propose a candidate.
- The members can be from any political party or independent.
C. Any one member of the Electoral College:
- The Electoral College consists of Members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies of the States.
- Any individual member of the Electoral College can propose a candidate for the office of President.
D. Any ten members of the Electoral College:
- Similar to option C, any ten members of the Electoral College can collectively propose a candidate.
- This allows for broader support from a larger group of representatives.
Final Answer:
According to the rules, option D is correct. Any ten members of the Electoral College can propose a candidate for the office of President of India.

Restriction of Fundamental Rights by Parliament
The Parliament has the power to restrict or abrogate fundamental rights with respect to certain categories of individuals or groups. These categories include:
A. Members of the Armed Forces:
- The Parliament can impose restrictions on the fundamental rights of members of the armed forces.
- This is done in order to maintain discipline and ensure the effective functioning of the armed forces.
B. Forces charged with the maintenance of public order:
- The Parliament can also restrict or abrogate fundamental rights with respect to forces responsible for maintaining public order.
- This includes police forces, paramilitary forces, and other law enforcement agencies.
- Such restrictions are necessary to ensure public safety and maintain law and order.
C. Persons employed in intelligence organizations:
- The Parliament can impose restrictions on the fundamental rights of individuals employed in intelligence bureaus or organizations established by the state.
- This is done to safeguard national security and protect sensitive information.
D. All of the above:
- The answer to the question is option D, which means that the Parliament can restrict or abrogate fundamental rights with respect to all the categories mentioned above.
- It has the legislative authority to pass laws that limit the exercise of fundamental rights in these specific contexts.
In conclusion, the Parliament has the power to restrict or abrogate fundamental rights with respect to the members of the armed forces, forces responsible for maintaining public order, and individuals employed in intelligence organizations. This is done to ensure discipline, public safety, and national security.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: French Revolution.
- The Preamble refers to the introductory statement of a constitution that outlines the guiding principles and objectives of the document.
- The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity were enshrined in the Preamble of the French Constitution of 1791, which was a product of the French Revolution.
- The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799.
- It was influenced by the Enlightenment ideals of individual rights and the concept of popular sovereignty.
- The French Revolution aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Liberty referred to the freedom and rights of individuals, equality emphasized the equal treatment and opportunities for all citizens, and fraternity promoted the sense of solidarity and community among the people.
- These ideals were reflected in the Preamble of the French Constitution, which sought to establish a democratic and egalitarian society.
- The French Revolution had a profound impact on the development of modern political and social ideologies, and its ideals continue to inspire movements for liberty, equality, and fraternity around the world.

Minimum Number of Members Required to Hold a Meeting in Lok Sabha:
The minimum number of members that must be present to hold a meeting in the Lok Sabha is one-tenth of the total membership of the House. This is stated in Article 100(3) of the Constitution of India.
Explanation:
- The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India, consisting of members elected by the people through direct elections.
- The total membership of the Lok Sabha is currently 545 members.
- According to the rules, a minimum number of members must be present in the Lok Sabha to constitute a valid meeting.
- This minimum number is determined as one-tenth of the total membership, which means 545/10 = 54.5 members.
- Since we cannot have a fraction of a member, the minimum number of members required is rounded up to the nearest whole number, which is 55 members.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the correct answer is option B: one-tenth of the total membership of the Lok Sabha. At least 55 members must be present to hold a meeting in the Lok Sabha.

The Parliament's Legislative Power:
The Indian Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the country and has the power to make laws on various subjects. The distribution of legislative power between the Parliament and the state legislatures is outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. The Seventh Schedule categorizes subjects into three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List.
Subjects in the Union List:
- The Union List consists of subjects on which only the Parliament has the exclusive power to legislate. These subjects are of national importance and include defense, foreign affairs, banking, atomic energy, etc.
Subjects in the State List:
- The State List consists of subjects on which only the state legislatures have the exclusive power to legislate. These subjects are of local or regional importance and include police, public health, agriculture, local government, etc.
Subjects in the Concurrent List:
- The Concurrent List consists of subjects on which both the Parliament and the state legislatures can legislate. These subjects are of shared importance and include criminal law, marriage and divorce, bankruptcy and insolvency, education, etc.
Parliament's Legislative Power:
- The Parliament enjoys legislative power over subjects in both the Union List and the Concurrent List. Therefore, the correct answer is option C: both Union and Concurrent List.
Significance:
- By having legislative power over subjects in the Union List and the Concurrent List, the Parliament can enact laws that affect the entire country or laws that complement the laws made by the state legislatures. This ensures uniformity and consistency in legislation across the nation.

Answer:
The power to prorogue the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian Parliament) rests with the President of India. Prorogation refers to the ending of a session of Parliament. Here is a detailed explanation of the reasons why the answer is option B:
Explanation:
1. Prorogation:
Prorogation is the formal end of a session of Parliament. It marks the conclusion of all the business undertaken during that session.
2. Role of the President:
The President is the head of the state and exercises certain executive powers. One of these powers is the power to prorogue the Lok Sabha.
3. Constitutional Provisions:
Under Article 85(2)(a) of the Indian Constitution, the President has the authority to prorogue the Lok Sabha. This means that the President can bring an end to the current session of the Lok Sabha.
4. Recommendations from the Cabinet:
Although the power to prorogue lies with the President, it is typically done on the advice of the Cabinet or the Prime Minister. The Cabinet may recommend prorogation to the President based on various factors, such as the completion of the legislative agenda or the need for a fresh session.
To summarize, the power to prorogue the Lok Sabha rests with the President of India, as stated in Article 85(2)(a) of the Indian Constitution. While the Cabinet or the Prime Minister may provide recommendations, the final decision lies with the President.

The phrase 'bicameral legislature' means:
- A: a Single Assembly
- B: an Elected Legislature
- C: a Legislature consisting of a Lower and an Upper chamber
- D: Parliamentary System of Government
Detailed
A bicameral legislature refers to a system of government where the legislative branch is divided into two separate chambers or houses. These chambers can be referred to as the lower chamber and the upper chamber, or alternatively, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
- A: a Single Assembly: This option is incorrect because a bicameral legislature consists of two separate chambers, not a single assembly.
- B: an Elected Legislature: While it is true that members of a bicameral legislature are elected, this option does not capture the essence of a bicameral system, which includes the division of power between the lower and upper chambers.
- C: a Legislature consisting of a Lower and an Upper chamber: This is the correct answer. A bicameral legislature consists of two chambers, with the lower chamber usually representing the population based on proportional representation, and the upper chamber representing the interests of regions or states.
- D: Parliamentary System of Government: While some countries with bicameral legislatures also have a parliamentary system of government, this option does not fully encompass the meaning of a bicameral legislature.
In conclusion, the phrase 'bicameral legislature' refers to a legislature consisting of a lower and an upper chamber. This system is designed to balance the representation of the population as a whole and the interests of different regions or states within a country.

The Position of the President Undermined by the 42nd Amendment:
The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1976, made significant changes to the power and position of the President. It curtailed many of the President's powers and enhanced the authority of the Prime Minister and the Parliament. Some of the key changes brought about by the 42nd Amendment included:
1. The President's power to declare a state of emergency was limited, and the Prime Minister was given the authority to override the President's decision.
2. The President's power to grant pardons and reprieves was curtailed, as the amendment restricted the scope of the President's discretion in this regard.
3. The President's power to refer bills passed by the Parliament to the Supreme Court for review was restricted, as the amendment made it mandatory for the President to refer only certain types of bills.
4. The President's power to appoint judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts was reduced, as the amendment introduced the requirement of consulting the Chief Justice of India in such appointments.
Retrieval of President's Position by the 44th Amendment:
The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1978, sought to rectify some of the changes brought about by the 42nd Amendment and restore the President's position to some extent. It made the following revisions:
1. The President's power to declare a state of emergency was restored to its original form, with the requirement of the Prime Minister's concurrence.
2. The President's power to grant pardons and reprieves was reinstated, allowing the President to exercise discretion in such matters.
3. The President's power to refer bills to the Supreme Court for review was expanded, removing the restrictions imposed by the 42nd Amendment.
4. The President's power to appoint judges was also restored, with the consultation of the Chief Justice of India being made mandatory once again.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it was the 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India that retrieved some of the powers and position of the President, which had been undermined by the 42nd Amendment. The 44th Amendment aimed to strike a balance between the powers of the President and the Prime Minister, restoring certain authorities that had been curtailed earlier.

The Oath of Office is administered to the members of the State Council of Ministers by the Governor.
The State Council of Ministers is a body of ministers appointed by the Governor to assist and advise the Chief Minister in the administration of the state. When the members of the State Council of Ministers are appointed, they are required to take an oath of office before assuming their responsibilities.
The oath of office is administered by the Governor, who is the constitutional head of the state. The Governor represents the President of India at the state level and is responsible for the appointment of the Chief Minister and other ministers.
The oath of office is a solemn declaration in which the ministers pledge to uphold the constitution, discharge their duties faithfully, and maintain the sovereignty, integrity, and security of the state. It is a symbolic gesture that signifies the ministers' commitment to serve the state and its people.
The Governor administers the oath of office to the ministers individually or collectively, depending on the circumstances. The ceremony usually takes place in the presence of other dignitaries, such as the Chief Minister, Chief Justice of the State High Court, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and other members of the State Council of Ministers.
Once the oath of office is administered, the ministers officially assume their positions and begin their work in the state government. They are expected to fulfill their responsibilities with honesty, integrity, and dedication, keeping the best interests of the state and its people in mind.
In conclusion, the oath of office for members of the State Council of Ministers is administered by the Governor. This ceremony marks the formal commencement of their duties and signifies their commitment to serve the state and its people.

The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the Centre and the states falls under its original jurisdiction. Here is a detailed explanation:
Original jurisdiction:
- Original jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, without it being appealed from a lower court.
- In the case of the Supreme Court of India, it has original jurisdiction in disputes between the Centre (which represents the Union government) and one or more states, or between two or more states.
- This means that the Supreme Court has the power to directly hear and decide disputes between the Centre and the states, without these cases going through lower courts first.
Advantages of original jurisdiction for disputes between Centre and states:
- It provides a forum where disputes can be resolved in a fair and impartial manner.
- It ensures that there is a centralized authority to interpret and apply the Constitution in cases involving conflicts between the Centre and the states.
- It helps maintain the federal structure of the Indian political system by providing a mechanism to resolve disputes between the Centre and the states.
Limitations of original jurisdiction:
- The Supreme Court's original jurisdiction is limited to disputes between the Centre and the states. It does not cover disputes between states or disputes solely within the Centre.
- The Supreme Court can only exercise its original jurisdiction if the dispute involves a question of law or a substantial question of law. It cannot decide purely political or administrative disputes.
Conclusion:
The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the Centre and the states falls under its original jurisdiction. This power ensures that conflicts between the Centre and the states can be resolved in a fair and impartial manner, maintaining the federal structure of the Indian political system.

The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people.
The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is the lower house of the Parliament of India. It consists of representatives who are elected by the people of India through a direct election process. Here's a detailed explanation of why the answer is A:
Directly elected by the people:
- The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the citizens of India through the process of general elections.
- Every citizen who is above the age of 18 years and is not disqualified by law is eligible to vote and elect the members of Lok Sabha.
- The elections are conducted in constituencies, and each constituency elects one member to represent them in the Lok Sabha.
- The elections are held every five years, unless dissolved earlier, and the members hold office for the duration of the term.
Indirect election:
- Indirect election refers to a process where the representatives are elected by an intermediate body.
- Lok Sabha does not follow an indirect election process as the members are directly elected by the people themselves.
- Indirect election is usually seen in the upper house of the Parliament, known as the Rajya Sabha, where the members are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
Nominated members:
- Nominated members are those who are appointed to the Lok Sabha by the President of India.
- However, the Lok Sabha does not have any nominated members. All the members are elected directly by the people.
Partly elected and partly nominated:
- In some cases, certain members of a legislative body may be elected while others may be nominated.
- However, in the case of Lok Sabha, all the members are elected by the people and there are no nominated members.
In conclusion, the members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India. This ensures that the representatives in the Lok Sabha are chosen by the citizens themselves, making it a democratic and representative institution.

Parliament's Legislative Power on State List Subjects
The Parliament of India possesses the authority to legislate on subjects enlisted in the State List under certain circumstances. These circumstances include:
A. Resolution by Rajya Sabha:
- The Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, can pass a resolution by a two-thirds majority declaring a subject in the State List as of national importance.
- This resolution empowers the Parliament to legislate on the subject, overriding the exclusive jurisdiction of the states.
B. Recommendation by State Legislatures:
- If the legislatures of two or more states recommend to the Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List, the Parliament can exercise its legislative power.
- This recommendation should pertain to those specific states that require legislation on the subject.
C. Implementation of Treaties and Agreements:
- The Parliament can legislate on a subject in the State List for the purpose of implementing treaties and agreements with foreign powers.
- This allows the central government to enact laws necessary to fulfill international obligations.
D. All of the Above:
- The correct answer is option D, as all the aforementioned conditions grant the Parliament the authority to legislate on subjects in the State List.
It is important to note that the Parliament's power to legislate on state subjects is limited to specific circumstances mentioned above. The federal structure of India's governance ensures a division of powers between the central government and the states, with the State List containing subjects exclusively under the jurisdiction of the states. However, in certain situations, the Parliament can intervene and enact laws on these subjects for the greater benefit of the nation as a whole.

The oath of office is administered to the Governor by the Chief Justice of High Court.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Introduction:
The oath of office is a formal declaration taken by the Governor before assuming their duties. It signifies their commitment to uphold the constitution and discharge their responsibilities with integrity.
Administration of the oath:
The oath of office is administered to the Governor by the Chief Justice of the High Court. This is in accordance with the constitutional provisions of India.
Role of the Chief Justice of High Court:
The Chief Justice of the High Court holds a significant position in the administration of the oath to the Governor. They act as the custodian of the constitution and play a crucial role in upholding the principles of justice and fairness.
Reasons for the Chief Justice of High Court administering the oath:
1. Constitutional authority: The Chief Justice of the High Court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting and upholding the constitution. Administering the oath to the Governor ensures that the process is carried out by a constitutional authority.
2. Impartiality: The Chief Justice of the High Court is expected to be impartial and independent. This ensures that the oath-taking ceremony is conducted in a fair and unbiased manner.
3. Legal expertise: The Chief Justice of the High Court possesses legal expertise and knowledge. They are well-versed in the constitutional provisions and can ensure that the oath is administered correctly.
Conclusion:
The oath of office is an important ceremony that marks the beginning of a Governor's term. By having the Chief Justice of the High Court administer the oath, it ensures that the process is carried out in a constitutional and impartial manner, upholding the principles of justice and fairness.

Members of Parliament can express themselves in the House in:
- Option A: English only
- Option B: Hindi only
- Option C: English or Hindi
- Option D: English, Hindi or mother tongue
The correct answer is D. Members of Parliament can express themselves in the House in English, Hindi, or their mother tongue.
Explanation:
- The members of Parliament in India have the freedom to express themselves in the language they are comfortable with during the proceedings in the House.
- This is ensured by Article 120 of the Indian Constitution, which states that members can address the House in any of the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
- The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution currently includes 22 languages, including English and Hindi, as well as various regional languages like Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Gujarati, etc.
- Members can choose to speak in English, Hindi, or their mother tongue based on their preference and the language they are most proficient in.
- This allows for effective communication and representation of diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds in the Parliament.
- The provision for using multiple languages in the House promotes inclusivity and ensures that all members can participate actively in the legislative process.

The nature of the anti-Imperialist struggle was initially constitutional and largely non-violent.
- Constitutional: The anti-Imperialist struggle was based on the principles of constitutionalism and the desire for self-governance. Anti-Imperialist movements sought to challenge and reform the existing colonial systems through legal and political means.
- Non-violent: Many anti-Imperialist leaders advocated for non-violent methods of resistance, inspired by figures like Mahatma Gandhi. They organized peaceful protests, strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns to peacefully challenge colonial rule and demand independence.
- Intellectual and political resistance: Anti-Imperialist movements also utilized intellectual and political resistance to challenge the legitimacy of imperialism. They used newspapers, magazines, and public speeches to raise awareness about the negative impacts of imperialism and to advocate for national sovereignty.
- International support: While the anti-Imperialist struggle was largely driven by local activists and leaders, it did receive support from foreign powers. The international condemnation of imperialism and the growing sentiment against colonialism provided moral, diplomatic, and sometimes material support to anti-Imperialist movements.
- Evolving strategies: Over time, as colonial powers resisted reforms and intensified their control, some anti-Imperialist movements turned to more assertive measures. Armed resistance and guerrilla warfare became more prevalent in certain regions, although they were not the defining characteristics of the overall struggle.
Overall, the anti-Imperialist struggle was initially constitutional and largely non-violent, driven by a desire for self-governance, intellectual resistance, and international support. While armed resistance emerged in some cases, it was not the dominant or defining feature of the anti-Imperialist struggle.

The position of the prime minister of India is superior to that of his counterpart in Britain because:

1. India is the biggest democracy: India is the world's largest democracy with a population of over 1.3 billion people. This gives the prime minister of India a greater responsibility and influence compared to his counterpart in Britain, which has a smaller population.


2. India has adopted the Federal system: India follows a federal system of government where power is divided between the central government and the states. The prime minister of India has authority over both the central government and the states, providing a wider scope of governance compared to the prime minister of Britain, where power is more centralized.


3. India has a written Constitution: India has a comprehensive and detailed written Constitution that lays down the rights, duties, and powers of the government and its officials. This provides a strong legal framework for the prime minister of India to exercise his authority and ensures a more stable and predictable system of governance.


4. His office enjoys Constitutional basis: The office of the prime minister in India is established by the Constitution, which grants specific powers and responsibilities to the prime minister. This provides a solid constitutional basis for the prime minister's position and ensures that he holds a position of authority and influence within the government.

Answer: D.
Overall, the prime minister of India holds a superior position compared to his counterpart in Britain due to factors such as India being the biggest democracy, adopting a federal system, having a written Constitution, and the prime minister's office enjoying a constitutional basis. These factors contribute to the prime minister of India having greater responsibility, authority, and influence in governing the country.

The members of the committees of Parliament are appointed by the speaker or elected by the House from amongst its own members.
The process of appointing members to the committees of Parliament follows a specific set of rules. These rules ensure that the committees are composed of individuals who are knowledgeable and capable of carrying out their respective responsibilities effectively. Here is a detailed explanation of the appointment process:
1. Appointment by the Speaker:
- The Speaker of the Parliament has the authority to appoint members to the committees.
- The Speaker considers the expertise, experience, and interests of the members when making appointments.
- The Speaker may consult with the leaders of the various parties in the Parliament, but ultimately, the decision rests with the Speaker.
2. Election by the House:
- In some cases, the members of the committees may be elected by the House itself.
- The House conducts an election among its members to select individuals for the committees.
- The election process may involve nominations and voting, with the candidates needing to secure a certain number of votes to be appointed to the committees.
3. Members from the Parliament:
- The individuals appointed or elected to the committees are chosen from among the members of Parliament.
- This ensures that the committees are composed of individuals who have a deep understanding of the legislative processes and the issues at hand.
- Members who serve on the committees are expected to actively participate in the committee's work and contribute to its functioning.
4. Committees' Responsibilities:
- The committees of Parliament play a crucial role in the legislative process.
- They examine bills, conduct inquiries, and scrutinize government policies and programs.
- The committees also provide a forum for members of Parliament to engage in detailed discussions and debates on specific issues.
- The committees' recommendations and reports can influence the decision-making process and shape legislation.
In conclusion, the members of the committees of Parliament are appointed by the speaker or elected by the House from amongst its own members. This ensures that the committees are composed of knowledgeable individuals who can effectively carry out their responsibilities in the legislative process.

The Parliament's authority to legislate on subjects in the State List is outlined in the Indian Constitution. The correct option is C, which states that the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by two-thirds majority to legislate on a state matter in the national interest. Here is a detailed explanation:
Parliament's Legislative Authority:
The Parliament of India consists of two houses - the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). It has the power to make laws on matters listed in the Union List, Concurrent List, and even on certain subjects in the State List under specific conditions.
Options A and B:
- Option A states that the President's order authorizes the Parliament to legislate on a state matter. However, this is not accurate as the President's power is limited to giving assent to bills passed by Parliament.
- Option B mentions that the Supreme Court of India can grant authority to the Parliament to legislate on a state matter. However, the Supreme Court's role is primarily judicial and it does not have the power to authorize the Parliament in this regard.
Option C:
- Option C correctly states that the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by a two-thirds majority to legislate on a state matter in the national interest.
- This provision is included in Article 249 of the Indian Constitution, which allows the Parliament to make laws on subjects enumerated in the State List if it is deemed necessary and expedient in the national interest.
- The resolution passed by the Rajya Sabha must be supported by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.
- Once the resolution is passed, the Parliament can legislate on the state matter, even if it falls under the State List.
Option D:
- Option D states that none of the above options are correct, but this is not accurate as option C is the correct answer.
In conclusion, the Parliament can legislate on a subject in the State List if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by two-thirds majority to legislate on a state matter in the national interest. This provision allows for the Union government to intervene in state matters if it is in the national interest.

The national flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 and was presented to the nation on 14th August 1947 on behalf of the women of India.
Explanation:
The adoption and presentation of the national flag of India symbolize the significance of women's contribution to the freedom struggle and the nation-building process. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Adoption by the Constituent Assembly:
- The design of the Indian national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.
- The Constituent Assembly, consisting of representatives from various political parties and groups, was responsible for drafting the Constitution of India.
2. Presentation to the nation:
- On 14th August 1947, the national flag was presented to the nation at the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly.
- This session was historically significant as it marked India's independence from British rule and the partition of British India into India and Pakistan.
3. Significance of women:
- The national flag was presented to the nation on behalf of the women of India.
- This gesture was a recognition of the immense contribution and sacrifices made by women in the freedom struggle.
- Women played a crucial role in various aspects of the independence movement, including participating in protests, organizing non-cooperation movements, and working towards social reform.
4. Symbol of empowerment:
- The presentation of the national flag on behalf of the women of India signifies their active participation in shaping the destiny of the nation.
- It symbolizes the empowerment of women and highlights their integral role in the nation's progress and development.
In conclusion, the national flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly and presented to the nation on 14th August 1947 on behalf of the women of India. This gesture acknowledges the significant role played by women in the freedom struggle and their ongoing contribution to the nation-building process.

The President's Role in Convening and Proroguing Parliament
The process of convening and proroguing sessions of Parliament in India involves the active involvement of the President. Let's understand the details of this process and identify the key individuals the President consults with:
Convening Parliament:
- Convening refers to the act of calling the sessions of Parliament into operation.
- The President has the authority to convene both Houses of Parliament, i.e., the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- The President exercises this power on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Proroguing Parliament:
- Proroguing refers to the act of ending a session of Parliament.
- The President has the power to prorogue both Houses of Parliament.
- The President exercises this power on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Consultation Process:
- The President consults with the Prime Minister when it comes to convening and proroguing Parliament.
- The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in advising the President on these matters.
- The President does not consult the Speaker or the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha in this process.
Conclusion:
In summary, the President convenes and prorogues all sessions of Parliament in consultation with the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister holds significant influence in advising the President on these matters. The Speaker and the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha are not directly involved in this consultation process.

The Preamble to the Constitution of India
The preamble to the Constitution of India outlines the basic principles and objectives upon which the Indian Republic is based. It serves as an introductory statement and sets the tone for the rest of the Constitution. The correct option among the given choices is B: a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic. Let's break down the characteristics mentioned in the options:
Sovereign:
- India is an independent nation and has the authority to govern itself without interference from any external power.
Socialist:
- The Indian Constitution aims to create a society where wealth and resources are distributed equitably and there is social and economic justice.
- The government plays a role in ensuring the welfare of the people and reducing inequalities.
Secular:
- India is a country where all religions are treated equally, and the state does not favor any particular religion.
- Every citizen has the freedom to practice and propagate their religion without discrimination.
Democratic:
- India follows a system of government where the power lies with the people, who elect their representatives through free and fair elections.
- The government is accountable to the people and operates based on the principles of equality, freedom, and justice.
Therefore, the correct option is B: a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic, as it encompasses all the essential characteristics of the Indian Republic as stated in the preamble.

The President can be impeached for violating the Constitution. This is the only valid reason for impeachment. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and the President's duty is to uphold and protect it. If the President is found to be in violation of the Constitution, it can be grounds for impeachment.
- Violating the Constitution: Impeachment can be initiated if the President has committed acts that are unconstitutional, such as abuse of power, obstruction of justice, or violation of individual rights.
- Disregarding Parliament: While disregarding Parliament might be a serious concern in some countries, it does not directly relate to the impeachment of a President in most democratic systems. The President's relationship with Parliament may have political consequences, but it is not typically a grounds for impeachment.
- Not taking the Prime Minister's advice: Similarly, not taking the Prime Minister's advice may have political implications, but it is not a justification for impeachment. The President and the Prime Minister may have different roles and responsibilities, and their disagreements should be resolved through political means, not impeachment.
In conclusion, the President can only be impeached for violating the Constitution. While disregarding Parliament or not taking the Prime Minister's advice may be significant issues, they are not valid grounds for impeachment.

The name of the union given in the Constitution is:
Answer: C. India or Bharat
Explanation:
The name of the union given in the Constitution of India is "India" or "Bharat".
Here is a detailed explanation:
- The Constitution of India, adopted on 26th January 1950, provides for the name of the union as "India" or "Bharat".
- The term "India" is derived from the Indus River, which is one of the longest rivers in Asia and flows through the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.
- The term "Bharat" is derived from ancient Indian texts and scriptures, such as the Mahabharata and the Manusmriti, where it signifies the land of the mythical king Bharata.
- The Constitution of India recognizes both names, "India" and "Bharat", as equally valid for denoting the country and the union of states.
- The use of both names reflects the diverse cultural and historical heritage of India, with "India" being derived from the colonial period and "Bharat" representing the ancient and indigenous roots of the nation.
- The choice of using either name is left to the preference of the individuals and does not affect the legal status or identity of the country.
In conclusion, the name of the union given in the Constitution of India is "India" or "Bharat". Both names are recognized and used interchangeably to refer to the country.

Procedure Established by the Law
The phrase "procedure established by the law" refers to the legal process and framework that governs the application and implementation of laws in a country. In the context of India, it is specifically mentioned in Article 21 of the Constitution, which states that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
Explanation of the Options:
A: The judges in India cannot question the fairness or validity of a law, provided it is within the limits of the Constitution.
- This option implies that judges cannot challenge the fairness or validity of a law as long as it is within the constitutional boundaries. This aligns with the concept of "procedure established by the law" as it emphasizes adherence to the legal process rather than subjective opinions of judges.
B: Judges in India can question the fairness or validity of an undue law even if it is within the limits of the Constitution.
- This option suggests that judges have the power to question the fairness or validity of a law, even if it is within the constitutional limits. However, this goes against the principle of "procedure established by the law," which emphasizes adherence to the legal process rather than individual interpretations of fairness or validity.
C: Judges in India can declare a law invalid simply because in their opinion the law is not due or is unjust.
- This option implies that judges can declare a law invalid based on their personal opinion of its fairness or justice. However, this contradicts the concept of "procedure established by the law," which requires judges to follow the legal process rather than relying on their subjective views.
D: None of the above.
- This option suggests that none of the given options accurately represents the meaning of "procedure established by the law."
Conclusion:
Based on the explanations above, option A is the correct answer. The phrase "procedure established by the law" means that judges in India cannot question the fairness or validity of a law, provided it is within the limits of the Constitution. This emphasizes the importance of following the legal process and framework while upholding the constitutional principles.

Explanation:
The member of a State Public Service Commission can be removed on the ground of misbehavior only after an enquiry has been conducted by the High Court of the state. Here is a detailed explanation of why the answer is B:
- State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) are constitutional bodies responsible for conducting recruitment and selection processes for various state government services.
- The members of SPSCs are appointed by the Governor of the state and hold office for a fixed term, as specified in the Constitution.
- However, if a member of the SPSC is found guilty of misbehavior, they can be removed from their position.
- The procedure for the removal of a member of the SPSC on the grounds of misbehavior is laid down in Article 317 of the Constitution of India.
- According to this article, the President of India can refer the matter of misbehavior to the High Court of the state for conducting an enquiry.
- The High Court, after conducting the enquiry, submits its report to the President.
- Based on the report of the High Court, the President may choose to remove the member from office.
- It is important to note that the enquiry is conducted by the High Court and not the Supreme Court or a committee appointed by the President.
- Therefore, the correct answer is B: High Court of the state.

The ratio of members from the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in the standing committee is given as two and one respectively.
To understand this, we need to know the composition of both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha:
- Lok Sabha: It is the lower house of the Parliament of India and consists of elected members from different constituencies across the country.
- Rajya Sabha: It is the upper house of the Parliament of India and consists of members who are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
Based on the given ratio, we can determine that for every two members from the Lok Sabha, there will be one member from the Rajya Sabha in the standing committee.
Therefore, the answer is option A: two and one respectively.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution enshrines certain ideals that were first spelt out in:
A: The speech by Jawaharlal Nehru on the banks of Ravi when he called for Purana Swaraj
- This option is not correct. The speech by Jawaharlal Nehru on the banks of Ravi was a call for complete independence, but it did not directly influence the content of the Preamble.
B: The Nehru report
- This option is not correct. The Nehru report, prepared by a committee chaired by Motilal Nehru in 1928, was a proposal for constitutional reforms in British India. It did not specifically address the ideals enshrined in the Preamble.
C: A resolution adopted at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress
- This option is not correct. The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress held in 1931 focused on the demand for complete independence and the future political structure of India. However, it did not directly influence the content of the Preamble.
D: The Objectives Resolution adopted by the Constituent Assembly
- This option is correct. The Objectives Resolution, moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947, laid down the foundational principles and ideals of the Indian Constitution. It emphasized democracy, socialism, secularism, and the welfare of the people, which are reflected in the Preamble.
In conclusion, the ideals enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution were first spelled out in the Objectives Resolution adopted by the Constituent Assembly.

The Nagaland State of India cannot be termed as a state because it lacks:
A: Sovereignty
- Sovereignty refers to the supreme power or authority of a state to govern itself.
- Nagaland does not possess complete sovereignty as it is a part of the Indian Union and is subject to the authority of the central government.
- While Nagaland has a certain degree of autonomy granted under the Constitution of India, it does not have full sovereignty.
B: Bicameral legislature
- A bicameral legislature consists of two separate chambers or houses, usually a lower house and an upper house.
- Nagaland has a unicameral legislature, which means it has only one chamber called the Legislative Assembly.
- The Legislative Assembly of Nagaland is responsible for making laws and regulations for the state.
C: A High Court exclusively of its own
- Nagaland does not have a High Court exclusively for itself.
- The state falls under the jurisdiction of the Gauhati High Court, which is a common High Court for several northeastern states including Nagaland.
- The Gauhati High Court is located in Guwahati, Assam, and handles the legal matters of Nagaland along with other states.
D: None of the above
- The correct answer is not "D: None of the above" because Nagaland lacks sovereignty, a bicameral legislature, and a High Court exclusively of its own.
- Therefore, Nagaland cannot be termed as a state based on these criteria.
To summarize, Nagaland lacks sovereignty, a bicameral legislature, and a High Court exclusively of its own, which are some of the characteristics that define a state. However, it is important to note that Nagaland is a state within the Indian Union and has its own Legislative Assembly to govern its internal affairs.

The Objectives Resolution was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd January 1947.
The Objectives Resolution was a significant milestone in the constitutional history of Pakistan. Here is a detailed explanation of its adoption:
1. Background:
- The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was established in 1947 to draft a constitution for the newly created country.
- The assembly consisted of elected representatives from various regions and communities of British India.
2. Purpose of the Objectives Resolution:
- The Objectives Resolution aimed to define the principles and objectives that would guide the future constitution of Pakistan.
- It sought to establish an Islamic framework for the governance of the country, while ensuring the protection of the rights of religious minorities.
3. Adoption process:
- The Objectives Resolution was presented by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, on 7th March 1949.
- It was debated extensively by the members of the Constituent Assembly over several months.
- Finally, on 12th March 1949, the resolution was unanimously adopted by the assembly.
4. Key provisions of the Objectives Resolution:
- The resolution declared that sovereignty belongs to Allah and that the authority exercised by the government would be as a sacred trust from the people.
- It emphasized the principles of democracy, equality, freedom, and social justice.
- The resolution recognized the rights of religious, linguistic, and cultural minorities.
- It affirmed the commitment to uphold the principles of Islamic law and promote the teachings of Islam.
5. Significance:
- The adoption of the Objectives Resolution laid the foundation for the future constitutional development of Pakistan.
- It provided a framework for subsequent constitutions, including the 1956, 1962, and 1973 constitutions.
- The resolution reflected the aspirations and vision of the Muslim majority in Pakistan, ensuring the protection of their religious and cultural identity.
In conclusion, the Objectives Resolution was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd January 1947. It played a pivotal role in shaping the constitutional framework of Pakistan, highlighting the principles of democracy, equality, and the importance of Islamic governance.

The Meaning of a Sovereign State:
A sovereign state is a political entity that possesses full control over its own internal and external affairs. It has the ability to govern itself without interference from external forces. In the case of India, the preamble of its constitution declares it as a sovereign state, which implies the following:
1. India is Free to Conduct Her Internal Affairs:
- The term "internal affairs" refers to matters within the borders of a country that are related to its governance and administration.
- By declaring India as a sovereign state, the preamble asserts that India has the authority and freedom to make decisions regarding its internal affairs without external interference.
- This means that India has the power to enact laws, establish institutions, and govern its people without being subject to the control or influence of other nations.
2. India is Free to Conduct Her External Affairs:
- The term "external affairs" refers to matters outside the borders of a country that are related to its interactions with other nations.
- As a sovereign state, India is granted the autonomy to conduct its external affairs independently.
- This includes the power to establish diplomatic relations, engage in international trade, negotiate treaties, and participate in international organizations without being compelled or controlled by external forces.
3. India is Free to Conduct Both Internal and External Affairs:
- The option C, "India is free to conduct her internal as well as external affairs," accurately represents the implication of India being declared as a sovereign state in the preamble.
- It means that India has the freedom and authority to make decisions and take actions in both its internal and external matters without external interference.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: India is free to conduct her internal as well as external affairs.