Test: International Context - 1 - CUET Humanities MCQ

Public International Law is the law that regulates relations between states. The primary objective of Public International Law is to provide a framework of rules and regulations which help in fostering stable and organised international relations. Some key areas where Public International Law is applicable:
Peace and security, Human rights, Finance, Airspace, Trade, Intellectual Property, Development, Sea, Weapons, Bio-diversity, Science and security, Fisheries, International Crimes, Climate change, Extradition, Natural resources.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (The Netherlands).

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals with various provisions, a few of them being:

• liberty of a person (Article 3)
• equality before law (Article 7)
• prohibitions on torture (Article 5)
• socio-economic rights such as right to work and equal pay (Article 23)
• right to social security (Article 25)

The Bretton Woods twins refers to the two multilateral organizations created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Both twin organizations functioned to enact and maintain the Bretton Woods system of proscribed international currency exchange rates. They are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.

Article 59 of the statute of the ICJ states that decisions of the ICJ have no binding force except on the parties in dispute, however, the ICJ tends to examine its previous decisions, determine which cases should not be applied, and depart rarely from the relevant case law.

The Article related to international law in the constitution is Article 51. According to the provisions in this Article, the state has the responsibility to promote international peace and security in the nation, and maintain just and honourable relations with other nations. Clause (c) of the article clearly states that, 'The State shall endeavour to: (a) promote international peace and security, (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations, (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another, and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.'

The International Criminal Court is an intergovernmental organisation and international tribunal seated in The Hague, The Netherlands. The ICC was established by The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998, and it began sittings on July 1, 2002, after 60 countries had ratified the Rome Statute.

Private International Law, often referred to as 'Conflict of Laws', is a set of rules and principles that govern interstate interactions and transactions of private parties. It is a body constituted of conventions, model laws, domestic laws of states, and secondary legal sources.

Both treaty law and customary international law are sources of international law. Treaties, such as the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, are written conventions in which States formally establish certain rules.
Customary international law, on the other hand, derives from a general practice accepted as law. Such practice can be found in official accounts of military operations but is also reflected in a variety of other official documents, including military manuals, national legislation and case law. As, the treaty laws are formally establish rules and the Customary international law are general practice accepted as law because they are formally establish the treaty law overrides the customary law.

There are six main organs of the United Nations—the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.