UGC NET Paper 2 Political Science Full Test - 3 - UGC NET MCQ

The oldest theory about the origin of the state is the divine origin theory. It is also known as the theory of divine right of Kings. The exponents of this theory believe that the state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God.

Samir Amin (1970) presented a new version of unequal exchange by considering wages as an endogenous variable, and he showed that unequal exchange allowed capitalist countries to protect profits. To him, the dominance of foreign capital in LDCs means distorted export activity and the hypertrophy of the tertiary sector.

A local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with greater powers than higher-level administrative divisions.

The theory says that several rights rose as a result of historical evolution. When the State was evolved, human beings must have had certain customs and traditions hardened by time and these provided an evolution. Certain rights are created by law, and they do not have history as the source of their origin.

The wealthy do have a responsibility to help the poor. The responsibility, however, is of a human character. Every human being has a responsibility to use the resources they have, financial or otherwise, to make the world a better place. This is a secular responsibility.

Rights are crystallization of customs and traditions and as such they could be treated as repository of accumulated wisdom. The theory of historical rights does not exclude changes and supports incremental and evolutionary changes that come with the changing requirements of individuals and communities.

This article proposes a new and better concept of civic culture and shows how it can benefit sociology. It argues that a better concept of civic culture gives us a stronger, comparative, and contextual perspective on voluntary associations—the conventional American empirical referent for “civic”—while also improving our sociologies of religion and social movements. The article first considers the classic perspective on civic culture and its current incarnations in order to show why we need better conceptual groundwork than they have offered. It then introduces the alternative approach, which is rooted in a pragmatist understanding of collective action and both builds on and departs in some ways from newly prominent understandings of culture in sociology. This approach’s virtues are illustrated with ethnographic examples from a variety of volunteer groups, social movement organizations, and religious associations.

American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton is best known for developing the first successful commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont) which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. Fulton also designed the world's first steam warship.

The concept of sovereignty in its fullness is a very modern phenomenon, whose emergence can be traced back no deeper than into the early modern period , but which, nevertheless, remains with us almost intact even today – still being necessarily thought of as ‘absolute and indivisible’.

Force theory believed that state makes use of force for commanding obedience to its laws. The Force Theory was supported by Church fathers during the middle ages, who tried to discredit the State as a child of force and as an instrument of force and domination.

He was the author or editor of 32 scholarly books and numerous peer-reviewed articles. His most recent research involved three projects: child labor and education policy in India and other developing countries; comparing immigration, refugees and citizenship policies in Japan, Germany, South Africa and the USA; and analyzing the causes and effects of migration and refugee flows.

Dr. Weiner's 1991 book The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective (Princeton University Press, 4th ed., ISBN 978-0-691-07868-7) had a major impact in Indian debates on how to end child labor, and was perhaps his magnum opus. "It was his crowning achievement. It made all of us think about the question of illiteracy," according to Jagdish Bhagwati, a Columbia University economist and colleague since the mid-1950s.Dr. Bhagwati said the book prompted economists to recommend more investments in education for the poor, and policies to help poor people recognize education as a valuable investment.

The WTO Agreement envisages four specific situations involving voting: An interpretation of any of the multilateral trade agreements can be adopted by a majority of three quarters of WTO members.Formally, all of these councils and committees consist of the full membership of the WTO.

Plato in The Republic emphasizes the necessity of specialization by virtue of the human nature and illustrates the importance of the division of labour that plays a leading role in the emergence of cities. He believes that they should be chosen from the most appropriate men to protect the city (Plato 374e).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an advocate for direct democracy. This is the only form of government that Rousseau believed would give expression to humanity's innate freedom and autonomy that was enjoyed before the advent of civilization. Rousseau famously stated, "Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains."

Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. Anarchist schools are characterized by "the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary", but may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.

Adequate measures must be taken by the Government to ensure the stoppage of the practice of corruption.
Corruption leads to decline of democratic process.

In popular usage, ‘primitive society’ distinguishes ourselves from other people who have made little progress towards what we understand as civilization. There are very few such people left today: they live in scattered communities in deserts or rainforests, and they interest us mainly because we think of them as the living relics of our own distant ancestors. The comparison is usually unflattering. Until the beginning of the nineteeth century ‘primitive’ simply meant ‘first’ or ‘earliest,’ but as the word was applied to the original inhabitants of territories colonized by European and American states, it acquired the connotations of inferior, backward, rude.

In short: a natural law theory of (the nature of) law seeks both to give an account of the facticity of law and to answer questions that remain central to understanding law. As listed by Green 2003 (having observed that “No legal philosopher can be only a legal positivist”), these further questions (which “legal positivism does not aspire to answer”) are: What kinds of things could possibly count as merits of law? What role should law play in adjudication? What claim has law on our obedience? What laws should we have? And should we have law at all? All these questions, though organized and articulated a little differently, are under consideration in the present entry.

MILL S once declared that the intellectual's politics should be the politics of truth. The intellectual should search for the most adequate definition of reality.1.Not the politicization of truth but rather the demystification of politics, the creation of an atmosphere favourable to the scientific study of social and political life is what Mills most certainly had in mind when he penned this equation. Yet there are certain connotations which leave an unmistakable residue of doubt. The idea ''politics of truth" implies a certain activism against which the notion of scientific investigation, gradual and laborious, appears as rather pusillanimous counsel, unsuited to the needs of the intellectual engaged in social reconstruction. Truth' in Mills' usage is tied, not directly by the meaning of the equation, but indirectly by the connotative overtones, to a more aggressive task of social and political action. This link appears very markedly in the title of the essay in which the phrase appears, "On Knowledge and Power".

Nagorno-Karabakh profile. The landlocked mountainous region of Nagorno-Karabakh is the subject of an unresolved dispute between Azerbaijan, in which it lies, and its ethnic Armenian majority, backed by neighbouring Armenia.

He was the first Political thinker who gave his theories based on an empirical basis. He studied 158 constitutions of his times and done comparative analysis. Then he classified political system comparatively. He proposed solutions which could be implemented of problems of the political system. Plato is called Father of Political Philosophy but Aristotle is called Father of Political Science because Plato's ideas or philosophy was not possible to implement it was only based on philosophy and idealized, where Aristotle's was based on experience and somehow could be implemented. He gave functional theories on citizenship, slavery, etc. Thus, focusing on practical He focused more on what is than what ought to be.
Aristotle laid the foundation of real political science by his keen and practical political approach and systematic treatment of the subject. His encyclopedic mind encompassed practically all branches of human knowledge. His works reflected the mind of Scientist rather than a Philosopher. He was a great pioneer in Political Science and no discussion is ever complete without a reference to his insights and methods of analyses. 

It means that there can be only one sovereign in a state. This feature is identical with indivisibility of sovereignty.

Universality or all-comprehensiveness:

• The sovereign has jurisdiction over all persons, things, associations and groups within the state territory. No person or association can claim exemption from its laws. Its laws are universal.
• It controls the external behavior of each person and association and thereby brings about social order.
• It is pointed out that there are certain persons like diplomatic agents of other states or ships of other states that claim immunity from jurisdic­tion of the state of their resident. This is a mutual courtesy that states show to one another on a reciprocal basis.

Permanence:

• So long as a state lasts, its sovereignty also lasts. Changes in government do not affect its continuity and permanence.
• A king or a sovereign or a dictator may die or be overthrown, sovereignty does not become extinct. Therein lies the significance of the phrase: “The king is dead, long live the king”.

Inalienability:

• This means that the state cannot transfer its sovereignty without its own death. Sovereignty being the vital element of the state, its alienability is tantamount to committing suicide on its part.
• As observed by Lieber, “sovereignty can no more be alienated than a tree can alienate its right to sprout or man can transfer his life and personality without self-destruction.

Derived from the Latin superanus through the French souveraineté, the term was originally understood to mean the equivalent of supreme power.

Monism attributes oneness or singleness to a concept e.g., existence. Various kinds of monism can be distinguished:
Priority monism states that all existing things go back to a source that is distinct from them; e.g., in Neoplatonism everything is derived from The One. In this view only one thing is ontologically basic or prior to everything else.
Existence monism posits that, strictly speaking, there exists only a single thing, the Universe, which can only be artificially and arbitrarily divided into many things.
Substance monism asserts that a variety of existing things can be explained in terms of a single reality or substance.Substance monism posits that only one kind of stuff exists, although many things may be made up of this stuff, e.g., matter or mind.

A pragmatist is someone who is pragmatic, that is to say, someone who is practical and focused on reaching a goal. A pragmatist usually has a straightforward, matter-of-fact approach and doesn't let emotion distract her.

One of his goals in writing The Prince was to win the favor of Lorenzo de' Medici, then-governor of Florence and the person to whom the book is dedicated; Machiavelli hoped to land an advisory position within the Florentine government.

Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim (March 30, 1858 – October 7, 1919) was a renowned German jurist. He is regarded by many as the father of the modern discipline of international law, especially the hard legal positivist school of thought. He inspired Joseph Raz and Prosper Weil.

It is also known as the theory of divine right of Kings. The exponents of this theory believe that the state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God.The King derives his authority from God and for all his actions he is responsible to God alone.

Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution defines in the following words: “The state is the institution or complex of institutions which bases itself on the availability of forcible coercion by special agencies of society in order to maintain the dominance of a ruling class, preserve the existing property relations from basic change and keep all other classes in subjection.”

Making use of natural resources to build a city is an example of the exploitation of those resources.
Taking advantage of someone's need for a job and paying them only pennies to perform work so you can get rich is an example of exploitation.