Test: Indian Logic & Pramanas - UGC NET MCQ

Bhakti is not considered a value as propounded by the Indian traditional concept of Purushartha.
The traditional Purusharthas consist of :

• Dharma (righteousness, moral values),
• Artha (wealth, prosperity),
• Kama (desires, pleasures), and
• Moksha (liberation, salvation).

Bhakti (devotion) is a significant aspect of Indian spirituality and religious practice, but it is not classified as one of the four Purusharthas.

• The argument "Sound is quality because it is visible" is fallacious according to the classical Indian view of logic because the middle term "visible" cannot by its very nature be present in the minor term "sound". In other words, it is impossible for something to be both sound and visible.
• This is because, according to the classical Indian view of logic, the middle term in a syllogism must be able to be present in both the major and minor terms. In this case, however, the middle term "visible" cannot be present in the minor term "sound" because sound is not visible.
• Therefore, the argument is fallacious because it violates one of the basic rules of logic.
• The reason (R) correctly explains the assertion (A) because it states that the middle term "visible" cannot by its very nature be present in the minor term "sound". This is the same reason that the argument is fallacious.

Vaisheshika philosophy:

• It is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy
• Kanada Kashyapa was the founder of this school
• The word “Vaisesika” is derived from “Vishesa,” which means “distinction,” or “distinguishing feature,” or “particularity.”
• Vaishesika is a system of pluralistic realism
• It is a system of physics and metaphysics and classifies all objects of experience into six categories
  • ​Dravya
  • Guna
  • Karma
  • Samanya
  • Visesa
  • Samavaya
• The Vaisesika school admits the reality of spiritual substances, the soul and God, and also the law of Karma
• It is not materialism but it is atomism
• It is independent and has its own logic, epistemology, metaphysics, stereology, and ethics
• Among six pramanas of Hinduism, Vaisheshika philosophy only accepts pratyaksa and anumana.

Naya Philosophy:

• It is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
• Gautama is the main proponent of Naya philosophy
• It is a philosophy of atomistic pluralism and logical realism.
• The four Pramanas of Naya philosophy is perception, inference, analogical reasoning, and testimony.

There are five members of Naya syllogism. These are

1. Pratigya or proposition: the logical statement which is to be proved
2. Hetu or reason: the reason for the establishment of a proposition 
3. Udaharana: universal concomitance together with an example
4. ​Upanaya: the application of universal concomitance to the present case
5. Nigmam: the conclusion is drawn from the preceding proposition

Therefore, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct sequential order of a comprehensible sentence in Nyaya philosophy

1. Akansha
2. Yogyata
3. Sanniddhi
4. Tatparya

Naya Philosophy:

• It is one of the six systems of Indian philosophy
• Gautama is the main proponent of Naya philosophy
• The four Pramanas of Naya philosophy is perception, inference, analogical reasoning, and testimony.

Sense-organ according to classical Indian school of logic:

• Perception deals with five external sense organs, namely, the sense of sight (cakshuh) , sense of smell (ghrana) , sense of sound (srota) , sense of touch (tvak), and sense of taste (rasana) 
• These five sense organs respectively perceive the physical qualities of colour, smell, sound, touch, and taste in the objects.
• In Nyaya philosophy, For perceptual cognition, four elements are necessary.
• These are; the self, mind, sense organs, and objects.
• The self is in contact with the mind (manas), the mind is in contact with the sense organs, and lastly, the sense organs are in contact with the objects, as a result, we perceive objects. 
• Ordinary perception is further divided into two sorts; external (bāhya) and internal (mānas).

Logical reasoning occupies a highly significant position in Indian philosophy. The word ‘Logic’ comes from classical Greek language ‘logos’ originally meaning ‘’to say’ something significant.

• Indian Logic not only involves the form of an argument but also involves the content of the argument. However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish good from bad arguments.
• Arguments are normally compound defined as a system of at least two premises and a conclusion.  every premise but the first is introduced by ‘now’ or ‘but’, and the conclusion by ‘therefore’.
• An argument is valid if the conditional formed with the conjunction of its premises as antecedent and its conclusion as consequent is correct. An argument is ‘sound’ (literally: ‘true’), when in addition to being valid it has true premises.
• A mode of an argument differs from the argument itself by having ordinal numbers taking the place of assertibles.

Hence, the Indian School of Logic is related to the form of the argument as well as the content of the argument.

Āśrayā siddha is the fallacy that occurs when the subject of the inference is non-existent or logically impossible. In this case, the "sky rose" is an imaginary or non-existent entity, making the reasoning based on it invalid. Therefore, the correct classification of the fallacy in the given statement is Āśrayā siddha.

Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the specific object or concept it refers to. As we move from cow to animal, the terms become increasingly broader in their meaning, encompassing more and more things. Here's the breakdown:

• Cow: Refers to a specific type of animal within the Bovidae family.
• Bovine: Refers to the entire family of animals that includes cows, buffaloes, yaks, etc.
• Mammal: Refers to a class of warm-blooded animals that have fur or hair, nurse their young with milk, and give birth to live young. This includes not only cows and other bovines but also humans, elephants, whales, etc.
• Vertebrate: Refers to animals with a backbone, which includes mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, etc. This is even broader than mammal.
• Animal: Refers to any multicellular, eukaryotic organism of the kingdom Animalia, which includes not only vertebrates but also insects, jellyfish, worms, etc. This is the broadest term of all.

Therefore, the order of increasing denotation, from most specific to most general, is cow, bovine, mammal, vertebrate, animal.

Apoha:

• Apoha refers to the Buddhist “exclusion theory”
• It is a negative process of exclusion
• Apoha or exclusions can be used to explain away universals as the referents of words.

Pratyaksa:

• Pratyaksa means the perception both internal and external.
• The knowledge is perceptible to the eye or visible and recognizable through other sensory organs and the mind.
• Eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin are the five sensory organs and mine is the sixth one.