Test: Social Movement - UGC NET MCQ

Supporters of Women's Rights and Suffragette Movements

• The correct answer is Radicals.

Overview of Social Groups

The Phrase "Personal is Political" and its Association

• Feminist Movement: The phrase "personal is political" is closely associated with the feminist movement. It signifies the belief that personal experiences and struggles are inherently political and linked to broader societal structures and power dynamics. This concept emerged as a rallying cry for feminists to highlight how individual experiences of oppression and discrimination are connected to larger systems of inequality and injustice.

Key Points

• In India, the women's movement began in the 19th century as a social reform movement.
• Women's movements in India have roots in antiquated customs like sati, child marriage, and mistreatment of widows in the 19th century.
• Issues such as rape, dowry, domestic violence, unequal pay, and low representation in politics have been prominent in women's movements.
• The women's question in contemporary India emerged from middle-class social reform movements of the 19th century.
• Women's issues vary by region, religion, and social class, with demands for equal access to education and voting rights.
• 20th-century movements focused on women's sovereignty, equal rights in marriage, and legislative changes for gender equality.
• In the 21st century, women's movements have evolved to be inclusive of all gender identities and advocate for dignity and rights in various domains.

• Old social movements emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century and were primarily concerned with economic and labor issues.
• They often focused on class-based identities and sought to improve the living and working conditions of the working class.
• Examples of old social movements include the labor movement, the socialist movement, and the civil rights movement.
• New social movements emerged in the 1960s and 1970s and were primarily concerned with issues related to cultural identity, gender, and the environment.
• They sought to challenge dominant cultural values and norms, and their activism often involved forms of identity politics.
• Examples of new social movements include the feminist movement, the environmental movement, and the LGBTQ+ movement.
• Both old and new social movements engage in collective mobilization to bring about social and political change.
• However, the ways in which they construct cultural identity may differ.
• While old social movements may prioritize class-based identity, new social movements are more likely to emphasize cultural, gender, and other forms of identity.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is both 1 and 2 are correct.

The Correct Answer is 1, 2 and 3

• Extinction Rebellion, also known as 'XR', was launched in the United Kingdom in 2018 in response to a report by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), making statement 1 correct.
• XR aims for governments to “Tell the Truth”, to “Act Now”, and to “Go Beyond Politics” to address the climate and ecological emergency, validating statement 2.
• The movement draws inspiration from various civil disobedience movements worldwide, including India’s Struggle for Independence, highlighting statement 3.

In News

• Activists of Extinction Rebellion are currently organizing protests globally in various forms.

Key Points

• Extinction Rebellion, initially launched in the UK in 2018, has evolved into a global movement promoting decentralized, non-violent direct action and civil disobedience to push governments towards addressing the Climate and Ecological Emergency.
• The movement encourages self-organization among groups to develop collective action plans aligned with its core principles and values.
• XR's inspiration includes major civil disobedience movements like India's struggle for Independence, alongside other historical movements such as Women’s Suffrage and the Arab Spring.
• XR has established groups in various Indian cities including Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kolkata, and Chennai.

Women's Participation in Movements:

• For social, economic, and political rights of specific categories of people like tribal, peasants, and industrial workers.
• For improvement in conditions of work and autonomy for women.
• For equal remuneration for work.
• In general social movements on issues affecting women and children like abortions, adoption of children, sexual exploitation.
• Explanation: All the statements provided are correct.

Additional Information

• The women’s movement: It is a significant form of social movement that aimed to bring about changes in institutional arrangements, customs, and beliefs that subjugated women.
• In post-independence organizations like Kasturba Memorial Trust and Bharatiya Grameen Mahila Sangh aimed to assist rural women in developing leadership potential.
• During the 1950s and 60s, the primary focus of the women's movement was on providing education, health, and welfare for women.
• In the late 1970s and 1980s, new organizations like Self-Employment Women’s Association (Gujarat) and Working Women’s Forum (Tamil Nadu) addressed the challenges faced by women workers in the unorganized sector.
• In the 1980s, the environmental issue was also embraced by the women’s movement, for example, the Chipko movement.
• During the 1990s, the women's movement focused on issues such as dowry, alcoholism among men, and domestic violence, leading to initiatives like the formation of Dahej Virodhi Chetna Manch in Delhi.

The Correct Statements Regarding the Faith for Earth Initiative

• UN Environment Programme Launch: The UN Environment Programme introduced the Faith for Earth Initiative in November 2017. This initiative was established to engage faith organizations in promoting sustainable development. Therefore, statement 1 is accurate.
• Faith for Earth Coalition: The Faith for Earth Coalition serves as a global multistakeholder platform that aims to foster collaborations with faith leaders, organizations, and individuals at various levels to inspire and drive action towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Coalition Councils: The Faith for Earth Coalition consists of four Coalition Councils, namely the Council of Eminent Leaders, the Youth Council, the Network of Faith-Based Organizations, and the Faith-Science Consortium. As a result, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Faith-Science Consortium: The Faith-Science Consortium acts as a connection between the realms of science and faith to promote understanding and collaboration in environmental matters. Therefore, statement 4 is accurate.
• National Coordination Hub: The Faith for Earth National Coordination Hub was inaugurated in partnership with the United Religions Initiative (URI) in countries such as India, Lebanon, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consequently, statement 5 is incorrect.

Discussion on R. Wallis's Categorization of Movements

R. Wallis has categorized movements into three broad categories: World-affirming, World-rejecting, and World-accommodating.

Key Points:

• World-affirming movements: Examples include Scientology and the Human Potential Movement. These movements aim to enhance the lives of their members and improve the world without completely rejecting mainstream society or established religious traditions.
• World-rejecting movements: Examples like the Branch Davidians and the Peoples Temple reject mainstream society's values and norms. They often see themselves as the sole path to salvation or enlightenment.
• World-accommodating movements: Movements such as Transcendental Meditation and the Hare Krishna seek to balance modern life demands with spiritual goals. They are open to working within mainstream society to achieve their objectives.

Additional Information:

• Value-oriented movements: These social movements aim to uphold traditional values and beliefs, often in response to perceived modernity threats.
• New Age movement: A spiritual movement emerged in the 1970s, focusing on personal growth and alternative spiritual practices.
• New social movements: A diverse range of movements that appeared in the latter half of the 20th century, concentrating on identity issues like feminism, environmentalism, and LGBTQ+ rights.

Understanding New Social Movements (NSMs)

• New Social Movements (NSMs):
  • New Social Movements (NSMs) are social and political movements that emerged in the late 20th century, focusing on issues such as gender equality, environmental protection, human rights, and social justice. These movements are often associated with post-industrial societies and are a response to changing social, economic, and political conditions.
  • NSMs differ from traditional social movements in their decentralized organizational structure, less hierarchy, and emphasis on identity and cultural values over class-based struggles. They are also supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for decentralized communication and organization.
  • One key factor contributing to the rise of NSMs is the liberalization, privatization, and globalization trends from the 1970s and 1980s. These processes brought significant social and economic changes, fostering the growth of the service sector and the knowledge economy, creating new opportunities and challenges that NSMs address effectively.
  • NSMs are characterized by their non-violent nature, preferring civil disobedience, symbolic actions, and public demonstrations over violent means of protest. They engage with the public through media campaigns, social media, and other communication channels to raise awareness about their causes.
  • In conclusion, NSMs are a vital aspect of social and political movements, shaping global outcomes through their focus on contemporary issues and innovative approaches to activism.

Therefore, New Social Movements (NSMs) are an outcome of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization.

Understanding the Matched Categories

• D. N. Dhanagare:
  • D. N. Dhanagare was an Indian sociologist and historian known for his significant contributions to the study of peasant movements in colonial India.
  • His research focused on understanding the socio-economic conditions of the rural population and analyzing the various forms of agrarian protests and movements that emerged during British colonial rule.
  • One of his notable works is the book titled "Peasant Movements in India, 1920-1950" which provides an extensive analysis of the peasant movements that took place in different regions of colonial India.
  • In this book, Dhanagare examines the causes, strategies, and outcomes of these movements, emphasizing the role of leadership, mobilization, and the peasant community's social and economic conditions.
• Andre Beteille:
  • Andre Béteille, an eminent Indian sociologist, wrote a book titled "Caste, Class, and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village."
  • The book was published in 1965 and is considered a significant contribution to the study of caste and social stratification in India.
  • In "Caste, Class, and Power," Béteille conducted an in-depth sociological study of a village called Sripuram in Tanjore district, Tamil Nadu.
  • The book explores the complex interplay between caste, class, and power dynamics in the village.
  • Béteille examines how these social hierarchies and inequalities shape the lives of individuals and communities, impacting their access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility.
• N. K. Bose:
  • Professor Nirmal Kumar Bose was one of the leading Indian anthropologists who was born in 1901.
  • During 1957-58, he visited the U.S.A. as a visiting scholar. His intellectual interests and capabilities bestowed him a number of high positions.
  • He was the Director under the Government of India for five years he became the Commissioner for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes during the period from 1967 to 1970.
  • He wrote Hindu Samajer Gadan (1949) an anthropological work.
• Yogendra Singh:
  • Yogendra Singh is an eminent Indian sociologist known for his research and contributions to the field of sociology, particularly in the areas of social change, modernization, and Indian society.
  • One of Yogendra Singh's notable works is the book "Modernization of Indian Tradition" (1994).
  • This book explores the complex relationship between tradition and modernity in India, examining how traditional values, norms, and institutions interact with and adapt to modern influences.
  • Singh emphasizes the need for a balanced and context-specific approach to modernization that takes into account the uniqueness of Indian society and its cultural heritage.
• S. C. Dube:
  • S. C. Dube, a renowned Indian sociologist, write a book titled "India's Changing Villages."
  • However, he made significant contributions to the study of Indian villages and rural society.
  • One of his notable works is the book titled "Indian Village," which was published in 1955.
  • In this book, Dube provides an in-depth analysis of the structure and dynamics of Indian villages, examining the interplay of social institutions, norms, and values within the rural context.

Hence, based on the details provided, it can be concluded that the correct matching is (1) - (d), (2) - (a), (3) - (b), (4) - (e), (5) - (c).

The Founder of Global March Against Child Labour

• Kailash Satyarthi founded the Global March Against Child Labour in 1998.
• The Global March is a global network comprising trade unions, teachers, and civil society organizations.
• Its primary objectives include eradicating all forms of child labor, slavery, and trafficking, and ensuring access to quality education for all children.

Additional Information

• In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with Malala Yousafzai for their dedication to child education.
• Baba Amte was an esteemed Indian social worker focusing on the rehabilitation of leprosy patients.
• Kiran Bedi, the first female IPS officer, began her service in 1972 and currently serves as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry.
• Anna Hazare is a renowned social activist known for his efforts in rural development, advocating for governmental transparency, and fighting corruption.