Test: Connective Tissue - 2 - Grade 11 MCQ

Haversian canals can be defined as a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae. This region of bone is called as cortical bone. Osteons are arranged in parallel to the long axis of the bone. The Haversian canals surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout the bone and they communicate with osteocytes in lacunae through canaliculi. This unique arrangement is conducive to mineral salt deposits and storage, which gives the bone tissue its strength.

Glass like cartilage is hyaline cartilage because it is transparent and do not contain nerves and blood vessels. It is found on many joint surfaces and has a large amount of collagen.

Volkmann's canals are inside osteons. They interconnect the haversian canals with each other and the periosteum. Volkmann's canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals.

A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments. Ligaments join one bone to another bone. Tendons and muscles work together to move bones.
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue in animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone, but it is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

The salts of magnesium and calcium forms an integral part of the skeletal system. Magnesium combines with phosphates, to form magnesium phosphate which contributes to the bone density. It forms major part of dry matter of bones. Osteoporosis is caused, due to the decrease in the density of calcium and magnesium salts in the body. It also helps in muscle contraction. 60% of the total magnesium are present in the bones.
So, the correct option is D.

Formation of cartilaginous bone involves:

- Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts: Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete the matrix for bone formation.
- Reabsorption by chondroclasts: Chondroclasts are cells responsible for breaking down cartilage during bone formation.

Correct Answer: A - Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts & reabsorption by chondroclasts.

The major inorganic components of bone are Calcium phosphate. Here's why:

- Calcium phosphate: Constitutes the majority of the mineral content in bone, providing strength and rigidity.

Calcium carbonate and other components like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are not the primary inorganic components of bone. Calcium phosphate plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of bones due to its high content and its ability to form hydroxyapatite crystals, which contribute to bone density and hardness.

Cartilage and bones are specialised connective tissue and are a part of skeletal tissue. They help the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs.
So, the correct answer is 'Cartilage and bone'.

Intervertebral disc is present between the adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc is composed of fibrous cartilage and forms the fibrocartilaginous joint.
So the correct answer is 'White Fibrous cartilage'.

Hyaline cartilage is found in:

- Tracheal Rings

Explanation:
Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the human body, providing support with flexibility. In the trachea, the C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage keep the airway open during breathing while allowing some flexibility for movement and expansion. This structure ensures the trachea remains patent (open) for the passage of air, demonstrating the importance of hyaline cartilage in maintaining the integrity and function of the respiratory system.

The strongest cartilage is White Fibrous Cartilage. Here's why:

- White fibrous cartilage contains densely packed collagen fibers, providing strength and support.
- These collagen fibers are arranged in bundles, enhancing their resistance to tensile forces.
- This type of cartilage is found in areas requiring both strength and flexibility, like intervertebral discs and knee menisci.
- Elastic cartilage contains more elastin fibers for flexibility, while hyaline cartilage is more flexible but less strong.
- Therefore, white fibrous cartilage stands out for its robustness.

Epiglottis is present in throat . It is a flap that is made up of elastic cartilage. It keeps food from entering the windpipe and the lungs.
Hence , option D is correct.

Calcified cartilage is found in the pubis of the older frog. It is a modified hyaline cartilage which is hard and non-elastic due to calcium deposition. In men, it is found at the ends of long bones and in the heads of humerus and femur. It is also found in the shark vertebrae.

The Eustachian tube is supported by Elastic Cartilage. Here's why:

- Elastic cartilage is the correct answer because it provides flexibility and resilience.
- The Eustachian tube needs to open and close to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
- Elastic cartilage allows for this movement without permanent deformation.
- This type of cartilage contains elastic fibers, making it suitable for structures requiring both strength and flexibility.
- White fibrocartilage, calcified cartilage, and hyaline cartilage are not typically found in the Eustachian tube.

Decalcified Bone is Bone with organic matter. Here's why:

- Organic matter in bone includes collagen and other proteins crucial for bone flexibility and strength.
- Decalcification removes the inorganic minerals like calcium phosphate, revealing the organic matrix.
- This process aids in studying bone structure and composition.
- Organic components provide bones with elasticity and help withstand stress.
- Understanding decalcified bone helps in research, medical diagnoses, and treatments.

Dried bone possesses (Afterburn) only minerals.
- Minerals are the main component left after burning, as organic materials like living cells and collagen are destroyed.
- These minerals include calcium, phosphorus, and other trace minerals that give bones their hardness and strength.
- The burning process eliminates organic components, leaving behind the mineralized structure of the bone.
- This mineral composition is crucial for the structural integrity and support functions of bones.
- In summary, after burning, dried bone retains only the mineral components, essential for bone strength and rigidity.

These two are cartilaginous bones which means they are formed by the ossification of cartilages. Sesamoid are those formed by ossification of tendons(Eg. patella). Membranous/Investing bones are the ones derived from intra membranous ossification(Eg. bones of the skull).

The patella, the largest sesamoid bone in the body, articulates only with the patellar surface of the distal femur (patellar notch). The patella rides in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris—the largest muscle of the thigh and the primary extensor of the knee.

A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. ... The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.

The clavicle is membrane bone. It is also called a collarbone. It is a long bone, which serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. It makes up part of the shoulder and the pectoral girdle, and is palpable in all people; in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin.

The Haversian system is a feature of:

Mammalian BoneHaversian systems, or osteons, are cylindrical structures found in the compact bones of mammals. They consist of central Haversian canals surrounded by concentric layers of calcified matrix. These canals contain blood vessels and nerves, providing nourishment and communication within the bone. This complex structure is crucial for maintaining bone strength and health, distinguishing mammalian bones from those of amphibians, reptiles, and pneumatic bones found in birds.

Bone-dissolving cells are known as osteoclasts. Here's a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is C:

- Osteoclasts are specialized cells responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue.
- These cells play a crucial role in bone remodeling, where old bone is removed to make way for new bone growth.
- Osteoclasts secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve minerals in the bone matrix.
- This process is essential for maintaining healthy bone density and structure.
- Osteoblasts, on the other hand, are responsible for bone formation, while osteocytes are mature bone cells involved in regulating mineral content in bones.
- Fibroblasts are not directly related to bone tissue; they are a type of cell found in connective tissue.

Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerves. Here's why:

- Haversian canals are microscopic tubes found in compact bone tissue.
- They run parallel to the long axis of the bone and house blood vessels and nerves.
- These canals play a crucial role in the blood supply to the osteocytes (bone cells) and in transmitting nerve signals for bone sensation and growth.
- Therefore, the correct answer is A: Blood vessels and Nerves.

To determine which cell type does not produce collagen:

- Osteoblasts: These cells in bones produce collagen, aiding in bone formation.
- Chondroblasts: Found in cartilage, they also produce collagen for cartilage structure.
- Fibroblasts: Essential for connective tissue, including collagen synthesis.
- Mast cells: Function in the immune response, but they do not produce collagen.

Correct answer: D: Mast cells

Mast cells are not involved in collagen production, unlike osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts.

The perichondrium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. It plays a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of cartilage. The correct answer is B: White fibrous connective tissue. Here's why:

- The perichondrium is primarily composed of white fibrous connective tissue.
- This tissue layer provides mechanical support and protection to the cartilage.
- It contains fibroblasts that help in the growth and repair of cartilage.
- The perichondrium also facilitates the diffusion of nutrients and waste products to and from the cartilage cells.

Understanding the composition and function of the perichondrium helps in comprehending its importance in cartilage health and function.

It is elastic and flexible. It forms wall of blood vessels, lungs, true vocal chords, trachea, capsule of spleen and bronchioles. It also forms sheet in ligaments. Ligaments is a modified yellow elastic fibrous tissue and connects bone to bone.

Wharton's jelly is a gelatinous substance made up of mucoid connective tissue within the umbilical cord. Its major constituents are mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It is derived from extra-embryonic mesoderm. As a mucous tissue, it protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels.

So, the correct option is 'Mucoid connective tissue'.

The vitreous humor is a jelly-like substance that fills the space behind the lens in the eye. It is important for maintaining the shape of the eye and helping with light refraction. Here's why the correct answer is "D: Mucoid connective tissue":

- Mucoid Connective Tissue: The vitreous humor is primarily composed of this type of tissue, which is a gel-like substance made up of collagen and hyaluronic acid.
- Function: It provides support to the eye, helps maintain its shape, and assists in transmitting light to the retina.
- Transparency: The vitreous humor is transparent to allow light to pass through to the retina without distortion.
- Composition: It lacks blood vessels and is 99% water along with collagen fibers.
- Age-related Changes: Over time, the vitreous humor may liquefy or shrink, leading to conditions like floaters and posterior vitreous detachment.

Understanding the composition and function of the vitreous humor is crucial for grasping its significance in maintaining eye health.

Brown adipose cells contain a central nucleus with peripheral fat globules. It is one of two types of fat or adipose tissue found in mammals. It is especially abundant in newborns and in hibernating mammals. Its primary function is to generate body heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. In contrast to white adipocytes, which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of mitochondria, which make it brown. Brown fat also contains more capillaries, than white fat, since it has a greater need for oxygen than most tissues.
So, the correct answer is option D.

- Fibroblasts are cells that play a crucial role in producing connective tissue components in the body.
- Matrix refers to the non-cellular component of tissues where cells reside. Fibroblasts secrete matrix components.
- Fibers are structural elements found in the extracellular matrix.
- Option C is correct: Fibroblasts secrete both the matrix and fibers, essential for tissue structure and function.