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Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Judiciary Exams MCQ


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15 Questions MCQ Test - Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21

Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 for Judiciary Exams 2024 is part of Judiciary Exams preparation. The Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 questions and answers have been prepared according to the Judiciary Exams exam syllabus.The Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 MCQs are made for Judiciary Exams 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 below.
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Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 1
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What fundamental aspect does Article 21 of the Indian Constitution aim to safeguard, particularly in light of historical legal interpretations and developments?

Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 1
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution primarily aims to protect an individual's right to life and personal liberty. This provision has been interpreted over time to encompass various aspects of an individual's life, ensuring that no person can be deprived of these fundamental rights without the due process of law. This interpretation has evolved through landmark legal cases, emphasizing the significance of protecting the life and personal liberty of every individual within the legal framework.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 2
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Who initially advocated for the inclusion of the concept of "Due Process of Law" in the Indian Constitution, and who raised concerns about its potential implications, leading to an alternative approach being adopted?

Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 2
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the proponent of including the concept of "Due Process of Law" in the Indian Constitution. However, concerns were raised by Alladi Krishnaswamy Aiyar, who highlighted potential challenges that could hinder social justice efforts. As a result of these concerns, the constitutional framers opted for the "Procedure Established by Law" approach in the Indian legal system, focusing on procedural laws and executive actions.
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Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 3
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What significant legal development occurred in the Maneka Gandhi case that expanded the interpretation of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution?

Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 3
The Maneka Gandhi case marked a pivotal moment in Indian legal history by broadening the interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution. This case emphasized the significance of the "due process of law" under Article 21, moving beyond a narrow understanding based solely on procedural laws to a more comprehensive approach that considered substantive laws as well. This decision laid the foundation for a more holistic protection of individual rights and liberties under the Indian legal system.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 4
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How does Article 21 differentiate between the rights of natural persons and foreigners in India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 4
Article 21 extends its protection to both natural persons and foreigners, ensuring that every individual, regardless of citizenship, can invoke this right when faced with deprivation of life or personal liberty. However, while foreigners can benefit from Article 21, it does not grant them the right to settle in India, which is outlined in Article 19(1)(e). This distinction emphasizes the broad applicability of Article 21 while also clarifying the limitations concerning settlement rights for foreigners.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 5
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What does Article 21 of the Indian Constitution primarily aim to protect?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 5
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution primarily focuses on safeguarding an individual's right to life and personal liberty. This fundamental right ensures that no one can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. It serves as a crucial element in upholding the dignity and autonomy of individuals within the legal framework.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 6
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Who is covered under the protective umbrella of Article 21 in India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 6
Article 21 extends its protective umbrella to all natural persons, irrespective of their citizenship status. This means that both citizens and non-citizens can exercise the rights conferred by Article 21. It is essential to understand that this provision ensures the protection of life and personal liberty for all individuals, emphasizing the inclusive nature of this constitutional right.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 7
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How did the Supreme Court initially interpret 'personal liberty' under Article 21 in the case AK Gopalan v State of Madras?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 7
In the case AK Gopalan v State of Madras, the Supreme Court initially construed 'personal liberty' under Article 21 narrowly, defining it as protection solely for an individual's bodily integrity, safeguarding against harm inflicted by the State. This interpretation limited the scope of personal liberty to physical well-being and protection from State-inflicted harm.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 8
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What crucial evolution occurred in the interpretation of Article 21 in the landmark ruling of Maneka Gandhi v Union of India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 8
In the landmark ruling of Maneka Gandhi v Union of India, the Supreme Court broadened the scope of Article 21 by equating liberty with personal liberty. This ruling emphasized that 'personal liberty' encompasses the entirety of an individual's freedoms, aligning Article 21 with rights under Article 19. It established that any law impinging on life or liberty must adhere to principles of natural justice, ensuring fairness and reasonableness.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 9
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Which concept was notably absent in the initial interpretation of Article 21 in the AK Gopalan case but later recognized in the Maneka Gandhi case?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 9
The concept of 'due process of law' was notably absent in the initial interpretation of Article 21 in the AK Gopalan case. However, in the Maneka Gandhi case, the Supreme Court recognized the importance of due process of law, emphasizing that any law impacting life or liberty must follow principles of natural justice. Due process ensures that legal proceedings are fair and just, protecting individuals from arbitrary government actions.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 10
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According to the expanded notions of 'Life' in Article 21, what does the concept of 'life' include beyond mere existence?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 10
The expanded notions of 'Life' in Article 21 encompass various rights beyond mere existence, including the right to clean water. This extension of 'life' under Article 21 highlights the importance of environmental factors and basic necessities that contribute to a dignified human life.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 11
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In the Telephone Tapping Case (PUCL v UoI), what did the Supreme Court affirm, thereby providing guidelines to prevent unwarranted intrusions?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 11
In the Telephone Tapping Case (PUCL v UoI), the Supreme Court affirmed the right to privacy and established guidelines for lawful telephone tapping to prevent unwarranted intrusions into individuals' private lives. This ruling set a precedent for safeguarding the privacy rights of citizens in the digital age.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 12
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What fundamental right was solidified through landmark cases such as Kharak Singh v State of UP and Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd) v Union of India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 12
The right to privacy was firmly established as a fundamental right through significant cases like Kharak Singh v State of UP and Justice K.S. Puttuswamy (Retd) v Union of India. This right, while fundamental, is subject to reasonable restrictions to balance individual privacy with societal interests.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 13
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In which case did the judiciary emphasize the importance of safeguarding working women from sexual harassment, aligning with constitutional principles of gender equality and the right to life and liberty?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 13
The Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan case underscored the critical need to protect women in the workplace from sexual harassment, aligning with constitutional principles of gender equality and the right to life and liberty. This case laid the foundation for guidelines to prevent and address sexual harassment at work.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 14
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Which case highlighted the significance of Article 21 in preserving life and personal liberty even during states of emergency, commonly referred to as the habeas corpus case?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 14
The A.D.M. Jabalpur v. S. Shukla case, also known as the habeas corpus case, emphasized the central role of Article 21 in safeguarding life and personal liberty, even during emergencies. This ruling highlighted the importance of protecting individual freedoms, especially in challenging circumstances where liberties might be at risk.
Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 15
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How has the case of A.D.M. Jabalpur v. S. Shukla influenced the legal landscape in India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Changing Dimensions of Article 21 - Question 15
The case of A.D.M. Jabalpur v. S. Shukla has notably reinforced the paramount importance of life and liberty within the Indian legal system. This landmark case highlighted the critical nature of these fundamental rights, setting a precedent that continues to shape the jurisprudence surrounding Article 21. The ruling in this case underscored the significance of protecting individual freedoms and ensuring the preservation of life and liberty for all citizens, thereby leaving a lasting impact on legal interpretations related to these core principles.
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