Science (Animal Kingdom) - CTET & State TET MCQ

The correct answer is Rinderpest.

Key Points

• Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is a contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals mainly cattle and buffalo.
• Rinderpest is caused by a virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus.

Clinical signs:

• Fever, erosive lesions in the mouth, discharge from the nose and eyes.
• Profuse diarrhoea, and dehydration, often lead to death within 10 to 15 days.

​Control measures:

• Movement control.
• Destruction of infected and contact animals.
• Disposal of carcasses and infective material.
• Sanitation and disinfection.

The correct option is the digestive route. 

Explanation:

• Foot and mouth disease (FMD)  in cattle is caused by a virus - picornavirus. The virus has seven serotypes A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 and Asia1
• It is a highly infectious disease that affects the cloven-hoofed animals (animals having divided hoofs) like cows, buffalo, deer, pigs, goats, etc.
• Symptoms include the appearance of vesicles (fluid-filled blisters) between the toes and heel,  lack of appetite, shivering & reduced milk production.
• Foot and Mouth Disease gets transmitted through the digestive route.

Preventive measures:

• FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by locking and restricting the movement of affected animals, and cleansing and disinfecting equipment and vehicles used.
• Infected materials used while dealing with the animals, must be disposed of properly by burial, etc.
• The conventional method of treating infected animals mainly involves the use of antibiotics, flunixin meglumine, and mild disinfectants (Radostitis et al. 2000).

Additional Information

Various diseases in farm animals are transmitted through the following routes:

1. Respiratory route: When an infected animal coughs or sneezes, the pathogens are transmitted to other animals. For example, the spread of Influenza happens through the respiratory route.
2. Digestive route: When grass or water contaminated with dung or secretions of the infected animal is consumed by healthy animals, the disease gets transmitted. For example, Foot and Mouth Disease gets transmitted through the digestive route.
3. Through wounds:  In case of an injury or wound on the animal, some of the pathogens can enter the body of healthy animals through the wounded part and cause diseases like Tetanus.
4. Other routes: Pathogens may transmit diseases among animals through vectors like ticks, mites, fleas, etc. For example, the Babesia pathogen spreads through ticks. Some pathogens also spread through the reproductive tract and cause diseases like Brucellosis. 

The correct option is all of these.

 Key Points

The chances of spread of animal diseases are greatly reduced if the following measures are taken:

• Maintaining hygiene on the farm.
• Following vaccination schedule.
• Isolating sick and newly arrived animals.
• Blood and urine examination of animals for diagnosis of disease.
• Treatment of affected animals.
• Control of vectors.
• Proper disposal of animal waste and carcass.
• Following bio-security measures.

The correct answer is option 3

The correct answer is a​nimal cells differ from plants cells in having an additional layer around the cell membrane termed cell wall.

Key Points

• Plant cell needs cell wall whereas animal cell do not because the plants need a rigid structure so that they can grow up and out.
• This is why plant cells have an additional cell wall outside of the cell membrane.

Animal Cell: 

Plant Cell:

Additional Information

• A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.
  • An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane, allows for the selective passage of certain molecules into and out of the nucleus.
• In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first to observe cork cells and their characteristic hexagonal shape.
  • Robert Hooke used the first optical microscope, which was invented by him at that time.
• Plastids are double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae.
• Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food and often contain pigments.

The correct answer is Anthrax.

Key Points

• This disease is also known as splenic fever due to the fact that there is an extensive enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) due to this infection.
• The disease is caused by bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis.
• Symptoms:
• There is elevation of body temperature (104 to 108°C).
• Animal refuses to eat and there is the development of bloat.
• Animal is extremely depressed and shows distressed breathing.
• Extreme dyspnoea leads to mouth breathing due to oxygen hunger.
• Sudden death within 48 hrs of illness of animal.

Additional Information

• Preventive measures:
• Periodical and regular vaccination should be done.
• Strict quarantine measures in anthrax prone areas.
• Preventing the introduction of infected animals into disease-free areas.
• Carcasses should not be opened as it may contaminate the pasture.
• The adjacent areas of the dead and infected animals should be thoroughly disinfected with 3% peracetic acid or 10% caustic soda or 10% formalin.

The correct answer is Tapeworms.

Key Points

• Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
  • Unlike plant cells and some other organisms, tapeworms do not have a rigid cell wall.
  • Instead, they have a flexible outer covering called a tegument, an adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle.
  • The tegument helps tapeworms absorb nutrients from the intestinal lining of their host.

Additional Information

• ​Bacteria generally have a cell wall.
  • The bacterial cell wall is a protective outer layer that maintains the shape of the cell and provides structural support.
  • It is composed of peptidoglycan in most bacteria, but there is variation in the composition of the cell wall between different bacterial groups.
• Diatoms are unicellular or multicellular algae, and they have a unique cell wall made of silica.
  • The cell wall, known as a frustule, provides protection and rigidity to the diatom cell.
• Fungi, including mushrooms, have a cell wall.
  • Fungal cell walls are composed primarily of chitin, a complex sugar.
  • The cell wall of fungi functions to maintain the shape of the cell and protect the fungal cell.

• The membrane-bound organelles are a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells.
• These organelles are moved as a result of cytoplasmic streaming which is driven by cytoskeletal elements.
• The cytoskeleton consists of a network of protein filaments present throughout the cytoplasm.
• They play important role in forming structural framework of the cell.
• They also help in cell movement and internal movement of cellular structures.
• They have the ability to get reorganized as the cell changes shape or moves.

Important Points

• The cytoskeleton comprises of 3 major protein filaments - actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.
• Actin filaments:
  • They constitute the microfilaments and can be present in globular (G-actin) or filamentous (F-actin) forms.
  • They function in the presence of ATP to form the polar filamentous structures.
  • They provide the track for vesicle and organelle movement inside the cell.
  • They take part in cytokinesis during cell division and muscle contraction in animals.
• Microtubules:
  • These are formed by α-tubulin and β-tubulin proteins.
  • These proteins form 13 polymerized dimers called protofilaments.
  • These protofilaments are arranged in a ring-like structure to form the hollow structure of microtubules.
  • They are the structural elements of cilia, flagella and centrioles.
  • They help in chromosome movement to opposite poles during cell division.
  • They provide the track along which vesicles and cellular organelles move through the cell.
• Intermediate filaments:
  • They are made of several strands of fibrous proteins that remain bound together.
  • They are of intermediate size between actin filaments and microtubules.
  • They have no role in cell movement.
  • They maintain the shape of the cell and hold the organelles in place.
  • It is made of proteins like Keratin that strengthens hair and nails.
• Actin and microtubules form a network of proteins that create a rail-like track for organelle movement.
• The organelles are bound to the cytoskeletal proteins which move along the tracks.
• This movement is ATP-dependent and takes place gradually in a step-wise manner.

The correct answer is cellulose.

Key Points

• The eukaryotic cell wall differs from that of a prokaryote in having the cell wall made up of cellulose.

Concept:

• Cell Wall - It is a non-living rigid structure that forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi & plants. 
• The cell wall not only gives shape to the cell and protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection, but it also helps in cell-to-cell interaction and provides a barrier to undesirable macromolecules.

Explanation:

The cell wall of eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells differs in the constituent composition.

• Eukaryotic cell wall - Algae have a cell wall, made of cellulose, Galatians, mannans, and minerals like calcium carbonate, while in other plants it consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and proteins.
• Prokaryotic cell wall -​ 
  • The cell of prokaryotes like bacteria is made up of peptidoglycans
  • The peptidoglycan consists of two chains - the Long-chain (Glycon chain) and the short-chain (tetrapeptide chain).
  • The long chain is made up of N-acetyl glucosamine & N-acetyl muramic acid while the short chain consists of 4 amino acids namely L-alanine, L-lysine, D-glutamic acid & D-alanine.

The prokaryotic cell wall does not have cellulose, hence it will be the correct answer.

The correct option is the Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, or vacuole.

Concept:

• The cell is the fundamental and organizational unit of life.
• The cell is the Latin word for ' a little room'.
• Cells were 1st discovered by Robert Hooke.

Explanation:

Cell membrane:

• The cell membrane is also known as the plasma membrane.
• It is the membrane found in all cells that separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
• Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins.
• The cell membrane is present in both animal cells and plant cells.

Cell wall:

• The cell wall is the outer covering of the cell.
• It surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells & provides strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress.
• The cell wall is present in only plant cells not in animal cells.
• The cell wall is made up of chitin, and cellulose.

Cytoplasm:

• Cytoplasm provides support to the internal structure of the cell organelles and maintains the shape of the cell.
• The cytoplasm is present in both animal cells and plant cells.

Nucleus:

• The nucleus controls & regulates the growth and metabolism of the cells.
• It carries the genes that contain hereditary information.
• Nucleoli are small bodies present within the nucleus.
• The nucleus is present in both animal cells and plant cells.

Vacuole:

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle.
• In animal cells, vacuoles are absent or present in small in size to help sequester waste products.
• In-plant cells, vacuoles are present large which helps in maintaining water balance.

Chloroplast:

• Chloroplast is a green-colored plastid that traps solar energy & utilizes it to manufacture plant food.
• Chloroplast is present in only plant cells not in animal cells.

Animal Cell

Therefore, the Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole represent a set of cell organelles found in an animal cell.

Key PointsDifference between Animal cells & plant cells.

Plant Cell