Science (Human body & Nutrition) - Software Development MCQ

The correct answer is A.

Key PointsVitamin A:

• Vitamin A is an important vitamin that plays a major role in our vision.
• It helps in the production of certain pigments that are important for the proper functioning of the retina. 
• Vitamin A deficiency is the major cause of severe diseases, infections and preventable blindness in children.
• It is one of the major causes of night blindness in pregnant women.
• It also affects the immune system and results in deaths from malaria, diarrhoea and measles.
• Night blindness is a disease that is caused due to deficiency of vitamin A in food.
  • ​Night blindness (nyctalopia) is a condition in which people are unable to see clearly at night or in dim light.
  • The formation of retinal, a component of rhodopsin, requires vitamin A.
• Some of the food sources of vitamin A are vegetables, fruits and dairy products.

The correct answer is Oxytocin.

Key Points

• Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes expulsion/delivery of the fetus. This process of delivery of the foetus (childbirth) is called parturition.
• Oxytocin is released during Parturition in human beings
• The posterior part of the pituitary gland also called Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) releases oxytocin.
• Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus and is transported axonally to the neurohypophysis.
• Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates their contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of the uterus at the time of childbirth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland. For this reason, it is also called the birth hormone.

Additional InformationProcess of Parturition:

• Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism.
• The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
• This triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.
• Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle and causes stronger uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.
• The stimulatory reflex between the uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion continues resulting in stronger and stronger contractions.
• This leads to the expulsion of the baby out of the uterus through the birth canal – parturition
  
• Estrogen, or Oestrogen: It is a sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. 
• Glucagon: The α cells of islets of langerhans of pancreas secrete glucagon. Glucagon is released into the bloodstream to prevent blood sugar levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia)
• Prolactin: It is also called lactotrophic hormone. It regulates the growth and milk formation of mammary glands.

When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. The so-called exchange of gases is necessary for metabolic activities and can be considered a chemical process.

• Every organism, from an individual bacterial cell to a mighty blue whale, undergoes respiration. This respiration is carried out by a system of organs known as the Respiratory System and respiration in humans is carried out by the human respiratory system.
• The respiratory system in humans has the following important features.
• The energy is generated by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all living cells of the human body.
• Oxygen is inhaled and transported to various parts and is used in the process of burning food particles (breaking down of glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a series of chemical reactions.
• The obtained glucose molecules are used for discharging energy in the form of ATP- adenosine triphosphate molecules by the human body to fulfill essential life processes
• The human respiratory system consists of following

1. Nostrils
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchii
6. Bronchiole
7. Alveolus

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Leydig cells.

Explanation-

Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue of the testicles, are responsible for the production and secretion of testosterone in males.

This function is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH), which is released from the anterior pituitary gland.

Location and Structure: Leydig cells are located in the interstitial tissue of the testes, the space between the seminiferous tubules, where sperm production occurs. They are polygonal in shape and have a large, round nucleus, as well as a considerable amount of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which play a crucial role in steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Function: The primary function of Leydig cells is to produce and secrete testosterone. Luteinizing hormone (LH), secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.

Role of Testosterone: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues (testes, prostate) and secondary sexual characteristics (body hair, muscle growth, deep voice). It also regulates sex drive and influences bone mass.

• This hormone also plays a role in health and well-being, and in the prevention of osteoporosis.
• Testosterone levels will naturally vary in individuals and decrease progressively with age.

Although Leydig cells in men are the main source of testosterone, it's important to note that in women, the ovaries and the adrenal glands also produce testosterone, but in much smaller quantities.

Additional Information

• Sertoli Cells: These cells are found in the testes within the walls of the seminiferous tubules, where sperm is produced. Sertoli cells are essential for the process of spermatogenesis. They nourish developing sperm cells, help regulate the process of spermatogenesis through the secretion of certain hormones, and form the blood-testis barrier, which keeps the immune system from recognizing sperm as foreign and potentially harmful.
• Acinar Cells: These cells are a part of the exocrine glands, most notably found in the pancreas. Acinar cells in the pancreas produce and secrete digestive enzymes that are sent to the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. These cells excrete their secretions into the pancreatic duct which subsequently empties into the small intestine.
• Follicular Cells: Also known as thyrocytes, follicular cells are found in the thyroid gland. These cells are involved in the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate various metabolic processes throughout the body. Follicular cells are organized into spherical follicles and produce thyroid hormones in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary gland.

Conclusion- Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells.

The correct answer is Amla, Spinach, Jaggery

• Nutrients are necessary for the growth, energy, repair, and maintenance of the body.
• Nutrients are classified as Macronutrients and Micronutrients.
• Carbohydrates, Calories, and Proteins are an example of Macronutrients.

Key Points

Micronutrients:

• Micronutrients are the elements required by us in small quantities.
• Iron, cobalt, chromium, iodine, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are some of the micronutrients.
• Deficiency of any of the nutrients affects growth and development.
• They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body.
• ​These include vitamins and minerals.

Important Points Iron:

• Iron is important in making red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.
• A lack of iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.
• Good sources of iron include:
  • liver 
  • red meat
  • beans, such as red kidney beans, edamame beans and chickpeas
  • nuts
  • dried fruit – such as dried apricots
  • fortified breakfast cereals
  • soy products
  • Amla, spinach, peas, lentils
  • Jaggery

​Thus, Amla, Spinach, Jaggery are rich sources of iron.Additional Information

The correct answer is Cholera.

Key Points 

• Waterborne disease:
  • Waterborne Diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted in water.
  • For example cholera, Diarrhea, and Hepatitis A.
• Sewage:
  • Also called wastewater.
  • It is contaminated water from homes, schools, and industries.
  • The main source of water pollution.

Additional Information

• Cholera: Cholera is a waterborne disease and is diarrhoeal in nature.
• Typhoid: It is another disease that gets transmitted by drinking contaminated water that carries ‘Salmonellae Typhi bacteria’.
• Diarrhoea: Diarrhoea is one of the most common waterborne diseases that mostly affects children under the age of 5.
• Hepatitis A: Another type of waterborne disease is Hepatitis A and it is caused by the Hepatitis A virus, which affects the liver.

Some common communicable diseases are:

The correct answer is an oxidation reaction which is exothermic.

Concept:

Exothermic reactions

• Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat or light as they proceed.

Endothermic reactions

• Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb energy from their surroundings as they proceed.

Explanation:

• Respiration is the process by which cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose. 
• As a result of respiration, carbon dioxide, water, and energy are released. 
• The chemical equation is

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

• Glucose reacts with oxygen to give energy that’s why it is an oxidation reaction.
• In this reaction energy is released, it is also an exothermic reaction.
• Glucose oxidizes and releases energy in the human body.
• Thus, this reaction is reacted with oxygen called oxidation reaction.

Thus, the process of respiration is an oxidation reaction which is exothermic.

The correct answer is i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a.

Key Points

• Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that digests the proteins present in the stomach.
• Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted in the stomach and gets converted to pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
• Dietary proteins that reach the stomach get digested by pepsin.
• Pepsin is most efficient in cleaving peptide bonds between hydrophobic and preferably aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine.
• Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates, mainly cooked starch, to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that's found throughout your body. An enzyme is a type of protein in a cell that acts as a catalyst and allows certain bodily processes to happen. Most ALP is found in your liver, bones, and kidneys.
• Maltase: converts maltose into glucose. It is present in the small intestine.

The Correct answer is Tuberculosis.

Key Points

•  The B.C.G. vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB).
• It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin.
• In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible.
• In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated
• BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.
• Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.
• The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921.
• It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
• As of 2004, the vaccine is given to about 100 million children per year globally.

Additional Information

•  Leukemia:
  •  Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that originates in the bone marrow, where abnormal cells (usually white blood cells) grow too rapidly and survive longer than normal cells.
  • Leukemia symptoms can include fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising, and bleeding.
  • Common infections associated with leukemia include pneumonia, colitis (digestive system infection), skin infections, and respiratory tract infections.
• Cancer
  • Cancer refers to abnormal cell growth that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
  • Prevention requires adopting a healthy lifestyle by avoiding tobacco, maintaining a balanced diet, exercising, and limiting alcohol consumption.
  •  Some vaccines (like the HPV vaccine) can prevent certain cancers
• Rabies:
  •  Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
  •  Early symptoms include fever, headache, and discomfort. Later stages lead to neurological symptoms and death.
  • Prevention requires avoiding stray animals. Ensure your pets are vaccinated against rabies.
  •  If bitten by a potentially rabid animal, seek PEP(Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) immediately.

Fibre:

• Roughage is also known as fibre.
• Dietary fibre or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes.
• Roughage is the portion of plant foods, such as whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, that your body can’t digest.
• Food rich in roughage may not help in providing nutrients.

Roughage helps in: 

• To prevent constipation
• Satisfy appetite
• Stimulate peristalsis to eliminate faecal matter

Thus, the incorrect statement is to provide nutrients to our body.