Karnataka TET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (Science and Mathematics) Free Online

Erikson's (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumed that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crisis are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
It is the 4th stage out of eight. It is at this stage that the child's peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child's self esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society, and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to understand the incoming information and make sense of it. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation. 

The term development” is generally used to refer to the dynamic process by which an individual grows and changes throughout its lifespan. It is often thought of as the process of qualitative change taking place from conception to death. In this way, development is a broad term and deals with all areas including physical, motor, cognitive, physiological, social, emotional, and personality. It should be noted that developments in all these areas are interrelated. 

• Cephalo - Caudal Sequence: The direction of development is from head to limbs i.e, in a longitudinal axis called ‘cephalocaudal.
• Proximo distal Sequence: The spinal cord develops before the outer parts of the body. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.  The development direction is from the center to the periphery called ‘proximodistal’.
• Locomotion Sequence: Various kinds of motions such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc. by the body are known as locomotion. Movement is one of the characteristic features of all living organisms. Locomotion helps us to move from one place to another.
• Bilateral Sequence: The human body plan is bilateral with symmetrical sense organs, a fast responding brain, half the body weight in muscles, a powerful heart, miles of arteries and veins, and a brain that coordinates it all.

So, we can conclude that the Proximo distal Sequence is appropriate when development proceeds from the center to the peripheral areas of the body.

Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable aim and may be viewed as the opposite of success. There are many cognitive, physical, intellectual, scholastical, emotional, and cultural causes for the failure of students.

According to Kohlberg the pre-conventional level of moral development of a child shows no internalization of moral values. In this level, the moral reasoning of the child is controlled by external rewards and punishment.
Pre-conventional Level:

• Obedience and Punishment: Based on avoiding punishment, a focus on the consequences of actions, rather than intentions; intrinsic deference to authority
• Individualism and Exchange: The “right” behaviours are those that are in the best interest of oneself, tit for tat mentality.

Insight, in learning theory, immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognise relationships or make novel associations between objects or actions that can help them solve new problems.

Stagnation stands for the retention of a child in a class for a period of more than one year. Gradually when a student takes more than one year to pass a class it is considered a case of stagnation.

• Stagnation is one of the most acute problems of tribal education. Absenteeism leads to stagnation and both naturally lead to wastage.
• Formerly stagnation used to occur due to lower achievement in the examinations. It means those who fail to secure minimum marks in the class tests will not be sent for the terminal examination and such candidates will have to remain in the same standard for one more year.
• But this practice is now stopped, whether a student secures minimum marks in the class tests or not he/she is eligible to sit for terminal examinations. At present minimum attendance is prescribed for students for promotion.

So, it could be concluded that retention of a child in a same class for more than one year is the meaning of stagnation in education.

Diversity means variety. For all practical purposes, it means a variety of groups and cultures. We have such a variety in abundance in India. We have here a variety of races, of religions, languages, castes, and of cultures. For the same reason, India is known for its sociocultural diversity.

A child always sympathizes with other children, is an emotional habit. Sympathy is an emotional response characterized by feelings of compassion, concern, or sorrow for someone else's situation or emotions. It involves understanding and sharing the emotions of others, which is a key aspect of empathy.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the most common learning disability.
Learning disability:

• Learning disability is intrinsic and due to central nervous system dysfunction.
• It is a variable state which can be addressed by appropriate comprehensible input.
• It can't be attributed to cultural deprivation as it can present in children of any culture.

Curiosity and Creative ideas are considered a sign of being gifted. Fighting is a confrontation in which two or more people compete for dominance and respect to satisfy their own egos. Thus, it cannot be regarded as a sign of being gifted. Curiosity is a valuable agent in education when it is rightly valued and employed. Curiosity is highly important because it is a starting point of interest. Creative ideas are concerned with a holistic approach to education, focusing upon the learner becoming part of a professional community, involving the dimensions of knowledge, performance and identity formation.

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार दुकानदार से उसकी शिकायत करने पर हमें उसका दुर्व्यवहार झेलना पड़ता है।
• अर्थात दुकानदार की शिकायत करने पर उपभोक्ताओं को उनका दुर्व्यवहार झेलना पड़ता है।

गद्यांश के अनुसार, "आध्यात्म जगत में प्रेम से ज्यादा महत्त्वपूर्ण कोई शब्द नहीं है।"
इसलिए, यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि आध्यात्म जगत में सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रेम है।

अंधेरा शब्द तद्भव शब्द है।
तथा अंधकार शब्द तत्सम शब्द है।
अंधकार

• जहाँ बिल्कुल भी प्रकाश न हो, अँधेरा, अँधियारा तिमिर, तम
• तामस, कलुष
• निराशा, हताशा, अज्ञान।

अंधेरा शब्द तद्भव शब्द है।
तथा अंधकार शब्द तत्सम शब्द है।
अंधकार

• जहाँ बिल्कुल भी प्रकाश न हो, अँधेरा, अँधियारा तिमिर, तम
• तामस, कलुष
• निराशा, हताशा, अज्ञान।

कुमार किसी पठन सामग्री में से किसी शब्द विशेष की पहचान कर लेता है या जब कुछ बोला जाए तब भी शब्द विशेष की पहचान कर लेता है परन्तु स्वयं की भाषा में इसका प्रयोग नहीं कर पता है। आप इस शब्द संपदा को निष्क्रिय शब्द-संपदा कहेंगे।
शब्द संपदा (शब्दकोश, शब्दावली) शब्दों का एक सेट है जो एक व्यक्ति अपने भाषण में समझता है और उपयोग करता है।
शब्द संपदा आमतौर पर दो प्रकारों में विभाजित होती है: सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय।

• सक्रिय शब्दावली - ये ऐसे शब्द हैं जो एक व्यक्ति नियमित रूप से मौखिक भाषण और लेखन में उपयोग करता है।
• निष्क्रिय शब्दावली - यह उन शब्दों का सेट है जो एक व्यक्ति कान से या पढ़ते समय जानता और समझता है, लेकिन खुद उनका उपयोग नहीं करता है।
• जॉन रेनॉल्ड्स और पेट्रीसिया एकर्स के अनुसार, "आपकी निष्क्रिय शब्दावली में सक्रिय से अधिक शब्द होने की संभावना है। अपने लेखन में शब्दावली की सीमा में सुधार करने का एक तरीका है अपने निष्क्रिय से सक्रिय शब्दावली में शब्दों को स्थानांतरित करने का प्रयास करना"

इस कविता का मूलभाव है- उपर्युक्त सभी भाव 

• (केवल यही कि कठिन दौर में भी वह न रुके, न झुके, केवल यही कि कठिन दौर में भी व्यक्ति अचल रहे, केवल यही कि व्यक्ति खून-पसीने से सन जाने के बाद भी दृढ रहे)
• पद्यांश के अनुसार-
  • कवि मनुष्यों को समझाते हुए कहता है
  • कि जब जीवन सफल होने के लिए कठिन रास्ते पर चलने का फैसला कर लो तो मनुष्य को एक प्रतिज्ञा करनी चाहिए
  • कि चाहे मंजिल तक पहुँचाने के रास्ते में कितनी भी मुश्किलें क्यों न आए
  • मनुष्य को कभी भी मेहनत करने से थकेगा नहीं, कभी रुकेगा नहीं और ना ही कभी पीछे मुड़ कर देखेगा।

पद्यांश में आयी पंक्तियाँ:-

• हवा का ज़ोर वर्षा की झड़ी, झाड़ों का गिर पड़ना
  कहीं गरजन का जाकर दूर सिर के पास फिर पड़ना​

यहाँ बादल के गर्जन को इतना तेज़ बताया है जैसे वह सिर के पास ही फट रहा हो। 

Option (1) is the correct answer as the passage is about the destruction of habitat and threatened animals. It does not discuss wildlife in general. So, this question is invalid.

• "Immersion" in the given passage refers to being deeply involved or fully engaged in something.
  Ex - John's immersion in his work allowed him to produce exceptional results." 
• "Involvement," means actively participating or being engaged in a particular activity or situation. 
  Ex -  School officials say they welcome parental involvement.

So, it is clear that 'immersion' and 'involvement' are similar in meaning. 
Thus, the correct answer is Option 3. 

Language teaching refers to a process whereby a child gains communicative comprehension or fluency over a language. It involves practice by learners where facilitation is provided by a teacher. There are several methods of English language teaching and Communicative Approach is one of them.
The communicative approach is a method of language teaching which makes learners confident to communicate effectively by involving them in real communication.
It highlights the importance of real communication for learning to take place rather than emphasizing writing skills and grammatical aspects of communication.
In the communicative approach to ELT, development of language learning or teaching involves a shift from form-based to a meaning-based approach as it:

• aims to strengthen fluency, not the accuracy.
• promotes learners to encounter with real life situations.
• focuses on communication rather than grammatical structures.
• emphasizes the functional use of language in the real context.
• prepares the learners for meaningful and authentic communicative activity.
• lays emphasis on using language to communicate meaningfully in the target language.

So, it could be concluded that in the communicative approach to ELT, development of language learning or teaching involves a shift from form-based to a meaning-based approach.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

• During instruction, the assessment can be used to determine what students are learning so that if there is a need, the teacher can adjust their teacher.
• It is a process-oriented approach that is used to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process.

Principle of Language Teaching: To achieve the desired goals in English language teaching, a teacher uses the various principles. Each of them is listed below along with their characteristics:

Given:
The given values =  a + 4, a – 3.5, a – 2.5, a – 3, a – 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a – 0.5
Concept used:
If n is odd
Median = [(n + 1)/2]^th observations
If n is even
Median = [(n/2)^th + (n/2 + 1)^th observations]/2
Calculation:
a + 4, a – 3.5, a – 2.5, a – 3, a – 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a – 0.5
Arrange the data in ascending order
⇒ a – 3.5, a – 3, a – 2.5, a – 2, a – 0.5, a + 0.5, a + 4, a + 5
Here, the n is 8, which is even
Median =  [(n/2)^th + (n/2 + 1)^th observations]/2
⇒ [(8/2) + (8/2 + 1)/2] term
⇒ 4^th + 5^th term
⇒ [(a – 2 + a – 0.5)/2]
⇒ [(2a – 2.5)/2]
⇒ a – 1.25
∴ The median of the data set is a – 1.25.

Given
A number consists of two digits whose sum is 7
If 9 is subtracted from the number, the digits are reversed.
Calculation
Let the digit at ones place be x
Then digit at tens place be 7 - x
⇒ The number = 10(7 - x) + x
⇒ 70 - 9x
⇒ The number obtained by reversing the digits
⇒ 10x + 7 - x = 9x + 7
According to question
⇒ It is given if 9 is subtracted from the number.,it's digits are interchanged
⇒ 70 - 9x - 9 = 9x + 7
⇒ 54 = 18x
⇒ x = 3
⇒ Digit at ones place = 3
⇒ Digit at tens place 7 - 3 = 4
∴ The number is 4 × 10 + 3 = 43

• The acid present in an ant sting is Formic acid.
• Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid.
• Molecular formula: HCOOH
• It is quite fatal for those ants as after stinging, their stinger is lost after which formic acid is forcibly released from their poison gland.

Given:
32400 = 2^p × 3^q × 5^r
Concept:
"Prime Factorization" is the finding which prime numbers multiply together to make the original number.
Calculation:
32400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
32400 = 2⁴ × 3⁴ × 5²
Now comparing 2⁴ × 3⁴ × 5² with 2^p × 3^q × 5^r
We get, p = 4, q = 4 and r = 2
⇒ 2pq + 3qr = 2 × 4 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 2
∴ 2pq + 3qr = 32 + 24 = 56

• Food preservation is the method of preventing food such as fruits and vegetables from spoiling.
• Food spoilage is caused by microbial growth.
• Food preservation allows one to extend the life of food and store it for a lengthy period of time.
• Food preservation plays an important role in businesses.
• The most commonly used preservatives are common salt, sugar, vinegar, vegetable oils, etc.

In the preparation of the Herbartian lesson plan, the stage after generalisation is application.

The main aims of questioning in the classrooms are to create interest and curiosity, to motivate the students and to test the previous knowledge.