UP TET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Social Science) - UPTET MCQ

Socially Disadvantaged Students are the children who have hindrances to excelling in school because of detrimental circumstances beyond their control.

• These include children from SC / ST and other socially and educationally backward categories based on cultural, economic, social, geographical, linguistic, gender, or other categories.
• It also includes financial and social hardships as well as problems within students' families.

The teacher is responsible to keep the students active, disciplined, attentive, participative during the teaching-learning process. For all this, the teacher has to keep the students motivated so that they remain self-disciplined and actively perform in the classroom activity. 

In the teaching-learning process, visually challenged learners suffer from an issue with sight or vision but when they are facilitated with the right training and tools, they develop a good literacy ability.
Instructional adaptations that a teacher should make while working with visually challenged learners include:

• using a lot of touches and feel materials.
• giving verbal clues to create opportunities to imagine.
• introducing tactile materials during classroom discussions.
• speaking clearly and loudly with appropriate pauses and reiterations.
• providing learning with the help of auditory systems such as an audio CD of the textbook, radio, etc.
• using the braille system to make them read-write as its raised dots will help the child to study the words through the pattern.

A teacher should not use a variety of visual presentations and written tasks especially worksheets for visually challenged learners as it could lead to low self-esteem and feeling of failure in them.
So, it could be concluded that a teacher should speak clearly and use a lot of touches and feel materials while working with visually challenged learners.
Tactile materials: It refers to the inputs which children receive through the receptive sensors of their skins.
Braille system: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille" to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.

Social skills refer to the abilities required to interact effectively with others. Developing social skills is an important aspect of education as it helps students in personal and professional growth.

If a child expresses affection for a parent of the opposite sex, it will be characterized by the phalic stage.
Freud's Psychological Stages of Development: Freud proposed a five-stage model of personality development. According to him, the main aspects of a person's personality develop by the age of five and remain unchanged throughout time. Furthermore, he said that in order to move from one stage to another, a child needs to successfully resolve the conflicts of each stage.

डिसग्राफिया से ग्रसित बच्चे की पहचान बालक द्वारा अक्षरों का लाईन के ऊपर नीचे लिखा जाना है।
डिस्ग्राफिया वाले बच्चों को मुख्यत: लिखने में कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ता है।
अधिगम अक्षमता तंत्रिका संबंधी विकार को संदर्भित करती है जो संज्ञानात्मक हानि का कारण बनती है। डिस्लेक्सिया (पढ़ने में अक्षमता), डिस्ग्राफिया (लिखने में असमर्थता), डिस्केलकुलिया (गणना करने में असमर्थता), आदि सीखने की विकलांगता का उदाहरण हैं।
डिसग्राफिया:

• यह एक लेखन विकार है जो सुसंगत रूप से लिखने की क्षमता को प्रभावित करती है।
• अपने विचारों को लिपिबद्ध करने में कठिनाई आती है तथा विचार और लिखने की गति में सामंजस्‍य नहीं बैठ पाता।
• डिस्ग्राफिया से ग्रसित लोग खराब हस्तलेखन, अशुद्ध वर्तनी, अक्षर और शब्द संगठन में असंगति, आदि समस्याओं का सामना करते हैं।

गोंड जनजाति भारत की एक प्रमुख जातीय समुदाय है।

• जातीय का अर्थ - जाति से सम्बन्धित।
• गद्यांश के अनुसार - गोंड जनजाति भारत की एक प्रमुख जातीय समुदाय है।

डिकोडिंग: यह अलग-अलग शब्दों को पढ़ने और अपरिचित शब्दों को सटीक और स्वचालित रूप से बाहर निकालने की क्षमता को संदर्भित करता है। पढ़ने की अधिकांश समस्याएं डिकोडिंग में कठिनाई से संबंधित हैं।
डिकोडिंग का मूल्यांकन तीन तरीकों से किया जाना चाहिए:

• पाठक के लिए संदर्भ सुराग को खत्म करने के लिए शब्द सूचियों का डिकोडिंग,
• शब्दों की याद को खत्म करने के लिए निरर्थक शब्दों को पढ़ना,
• संदर्भ में पढ़ना।

इसलिए, हम यह निष्कर्ष निकाल सकते हैं कि भाषा दक्षता का मूल्यांकन करने में डिकोडिंग व्यक्तिगत शब्दों को पढ़ने और अपरिचित शब्दों को सटीक रूप से बाहर निकालने की क्षमता को संदर्भित करता है।

उपर्युक्त पद्यांश के अनुसार लॉकडाउन शब्द का अर्थ तालाबंदी है।
लॉकडाउन:

• लॉकडाउन अथवा पूर्णबन्दी एक आपातकालीन प्रोटोकॉल है।
• आपातकालीन स्थिति में लोगों की आवाजाही पर रोक लगाने के लिए सरकार द्वारा यह प्रतिबंध लगाया जाता है।

लिखना अर्थात लेखन कौशल चारो भाषा कौशलों में सबसे अंतिम चरण है। बच्चों में लेखन कौशल का विकास मौलिक विचारों को लिखित रूप देने तथा विभिन्न उद्देश्यों के लिए लिखने की क्षमता को संदर्भित करता है। बच्चों को अपने लिखने का प्रयोजन पता होना चाहिए।

• लेखन का उद्देश्य है कि बच्चे अपनी रोजमर्रा के जीवन में पढ़ने लिखने का इस्तेमाल कर सकें।
• बच्चे विभिन्न उद्देश्यों के लिए समझ के साथ पढ़ व लिख सके।
• लेखन क्षमता संवर्धित करने के लिए सबसे आवश्यक है कि बच्चों को लेखन का प्रयोजन पता हो।
• लेखन का तरीका लेखन के प्रयोजन पर निर्भर करता है। प्रयोजन बदलने पर लिखने का तरीका भी बदलना स्वभाविक है।
• यदि हमें स्कूल के खेल-कूद की सूचना लिखकर लगानी है तो इसके पाठक स्कूल के बच्चों, शिक्षक व अन्य कर्मचारीगण है। लेकिन यहि सूचना समूदाय और अभिभावकों देनी है तो इसके पाठकों में अभिभावक व समूदाय के लोग भी शामिल हो जाएँगे।
• दोनो स्थितियों में हमारे लिखने के तरीके और भाषा में बदलाव आना स्वभाविक है।

अतः, निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि लेखन क्षमता संवर्धित करने के लिए सबसे आवश्यक है कि बच्चों को लेखन का प्रयोजन पता हो। 

उद्देश्य के लिये परीक्षण तैयार किया गया है, यदि वह उसकी पूर्ति करता है, तो वह वैध परीक्षण कहलायेगा।
वैधता: जब किसी परीक्षण द्वारा उसी दक्षता की जाँच होती है जिसके लिए उसे निर्मित किया गया है तो उस परीक्षण को वैध कहा जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए यदि हम किसी भाषा कौशल की जाँच करना चाहते हैं तो प्रश्न ऐसे हों जो उसी भाषा कौशल की जाँच करें न कि ज्ञान या अभिरुचि की।

पोर्टफोलियो आकलन एक प्रक्रिया है जिसमें शिक्षार्थियों के शिक्षण अधिगम का संग्रहीकरण और मूल्यांकन किया जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया में, प्रत्येक शिक्षार्थी के शैक्षिक अनुभव, सीखने की प्रक्रिया, प्रदर्शन, उत्पन्न कौशल, सामान्य विकास और अन्य प्रमुख तत्वों का एक विस्तृत रिकॉर्ड बनाया जाता है।

• पोर्टफोलियो आकलन एक शिक्षा मानक है जो शिक्षार्थियों के अधिगम को मापता है और उनकी प्रगति के आधार पर मूल्यांकन करने में मदद करता है।
• इस प्रक्रिया में, शिक्षार्थी के विभिन्न कौशल, ज्ञान, संग्रहण शक्ति, समस्या-समाधान कौशल, सहभागिता, संचार कौशल, रचनात्मकता, स्वतंत्रता, समय प्रबंधन और सामरिक और नैतिक मूल्यों के विकास का मूल्यांकन किया जाता है।
• पोर्टफोलियो आकलन का मुख्य उद्देश्य शिक्षार्थी के विकास को मापना, दिखाना और दस्तावेजीकरण करना है।
• यह शिक्षार्थियों को स्वयं के प्रदर्शन का पूरे वर्ष भर के दौरान रिकार्ड का संग्रहीकरण है।

प्राथमिक स्तर की भाषा की कक्षाओं में ब्रेल पुस्तकों की उपलब्धता के संदर्भ में पढ़ना सीखने के लिए इनकी उपलब्धता ज़रूरी है।

• प्राथमिक स्तर की भाषा की कक्षाओं में बालक अलग-अलग तरह की रचनाओं को समझकर पढ़ने के बाद उस पर अपनी प्रतिक्रया लिख कर देने लगते हैं। 
• लिखने का तरीका लिखित या ब्रेल लिपि आदि में हो सकता है।

सामान्यतया यह माना जाता है कि भाषा अभिव्यक्ति और संप्रेषण का माध्यम है, जिसकी सहायता से लोग एक-दूसरे तक अपनी बात पहुँचाते हैं। भाषा को मात्र संप्रेषण का माध्यम मानना, भाषा के प्रति संकुचित दृष्टिकोण है। वास्तव में भाषा की भूमिका इससे कहीं अधिक है।

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution to the field of linguistics. According to Noam Chomsky, Humans are pre-programmed with an inborn/innate ability to develop language as they have LAD ( Language Acquisition Device) and it contains the knowledge of grammatical rules which is common to all languages and allows children to understand rules of whatever language they are listening to.
Chomsky's View about language in brief:

• Innate ability: He strongly believes that children born with an innate knowledge of grammar serve as the basis for all language acquisition.
• Generative grammar: According to Chomsky it refers to a finite set of rules to generate sentences and can be used to produce more sentences in that language.
• Universal Grammar Theory: It states that all children are born with an innate ability to acquire, develop, and understand language. Chomsky believed grammar must be a universal constant in humans because of something he dubbed the poverty of the stimulus.
• Language Acquisition Device: Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device that enables a child to acquire and produce language.
  • A human child is born with the ability to learn the language and they have LAD which generates grammar rules and helps to develop language.

Therefore, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that as per Noam Chomsky’s theory, the role of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) helps children to generate grammar rules.

Reasons behind challenges of teaching language:

• This is because there is a mismatch between what the teaching plan for the topic assumes as available prior knowledge and what individual students actually have.
• This is a problem that always comes up when a standard syllabus is covered according to a fixed calendar and learners are not ready for the given lesson.
• If they do not learn as expected, it is because of this inadequate preparation, and not because of low learning capacity
• The standard syllabus for any subject is based on certain logical and reasonable assumptions. The syllabus for Class V builds on the Class IV syllabus, and the Class VI syllabus builds on what is in the Class V syllabus, and so on.
• The problem in the classroom arises because every child has not properly learned or mastered everything covered earlier. Teachers often do some revision before taking up a new topic. This is of course useful, but may not be enough.

Thus, it could be concluded that 'this is the problem of low learning capacity and learners' ignorance which could be improved by drill and practice exercise' is not one of the best possible reasons behind the above-mentioned challenge of teaching language.

In free composition, the children are able to freely arrange their ideas in their own way and to choose their words freely. It is very helpful for higher-stage students.

• Queen Rudramadevi was a prominent ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty in Warangal, which is now part of modern-day Andhra Pradesh.
• She ruled from 1262 to 1289 CE. Hence, statement (A) is not true.
• Rudramadevi was one of the few female monarchs in Indian history, and she is known for her courage, political acumen, and contribution to the welfare of her kingdom.
• Rudramadevi's ascension to the throne was initially met with resistance due to gender norms and societal expectations.
• However, she proved her capabilities as a ruler and successfully defended her kingdom against external threats.
• She changed her name on her inscriptions and pretended she was a man. Therefore, statement (B) is true.
• During her reign, Rudramadevi undertook several military campaigns, expanded the territory of the Kakatiya dynasty, and implemented various administrative reforms.
• She also patronized art, literature, and architecture, contributing to the cultural development of her kingdom.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is (B) is true but (A) is false.

• Al-Biruni wrote Kitab ul-Hind which is the survey of Indian life based on his observation in between 1017-1030 AD.
• Mahmud of Ghazni was the first Turk ruler to be known as Sultan.
• He ruled from 997 to 1030 A.D.
• He extended control over parts of Central Asia, Iran and the north-western part of the subcontinent.
• He raided the subcontinent almost every year and his targets were wealthy temples including Somnath Temple of Gujarat.
• He used most of the wealth to create a splendid capital city at Ghazni.
• He was interested in finding out more about the people he conquered.
• Due to this, he entrusted a scholar named Al-Biruni to write an account of the subcontinent.
• This Arabic work, known as the Kitab ul-Hind, remains an important source for historians.
• Al-Biruni consulted Sanskrit scholars to prepare this account.

Based on the above discussion we can conclude that, Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Every country needs a government to make decisions and get things done.

• These can be decisions about where to build roads and schools, or how to reduce the price of onions when they get too expensive or ways to increase the supply of electricity.
• The government also takes action on many social issues, for example, it has several programmes to help the poor. It does other important things such as running postal and railway services.
• The government also has the job of protecting the boundaries of the country and maintaining peaceful relations with other countries.
• It is responsible for ensuring that all its citizens have enough to eat and have good health facilities.
• When there are natural disasters like the tsunami or an earthquake it is the government that mainly organises aid and assistance for the affected people.

Thus, it is clear that governments build the roads and schools, supply the electricity, and take action on social issues for their people.

E-learning is a formalized teaching-based learning system that makes use of electronic resources. E-learning is primarily centered on using computers and the Internet, while education can also take place in or outside of formal classroom settings.

• Shankara, one of the most influential philosophers of India, was born in Kerala in the eighth century.
• He was an advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality. Hence, statement I is true.
• According to Shankara, the individual soul (jiva) and the Supreme God (Brahman) are not separate entities, but rather they are one and the same.
• He believed that the true nature of the individual soul is identical to the nature of Brahman and that the illusion of duality arises only because of ignorance.
• He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any attributes. Thus, statement II is true.
• He considered the world around us to be an illusion or Maya and preached renunciation of the world and adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Hence we conclude that the correct option is Both (I) and (II) are true. 

On 21st March and on 23rd September, the direct rays of the Sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the Sun. Therefore, the entire Earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This phenomenon is called an equinox.

This is the right answer. The students are able to express themselves better. They keep their view points in front of other students. This clarifies their doubts.

Social Sciences provide a socio-spatial-temporal view of the development of human society, and thereby help the learner to understand the inner working of human society in totality; the pressures and the forces that operate on it, and the various processes that serve as checks and balances to maintain it.

A comparative chart is a general type of diagram in which a comparison is made between two or more objects, phenomena or groups of data. A comparison diagram can offer qualitative and/or quantitative information. To show land use in different countries of the world, this is the most suitable teaching aid.

The case study provides a systematic and scientific way of perceiving or examining events, collecting data, analyzing information, and preparing a report.

History, Geography, Political Science and Economics are taught to students in upper primary stage. History teaches us to move forward, recognise our mistakes and learn from them, and ultimately create a better existence for all. Political Science teaches about government institutes, political behaviour, national integrity and our laws and duties. Economics teaches how to make well-informed decisions and how to go about making choices, which is vitally important in business. Geography gives the tools to gain an understanding of international matters, multicultural concerns, and environmental matters. It helps to read maps, interpret local and global information, and understand international networks for trade and other things.

The most important initial step towards achievement of an aim is goal.
Goal is an object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result. All the skills and abilities are judiciously channelised once the goal is clear. An objective is a measurable step taken to achieve a strategy. Goals are big-picture ideas about where one wants to go. Objectives are concrete steps that move a person towards his goals. Goals precede objectives in a well-run organisation, creating an outline and a vision to be filled in with specifics down the line.

Social Sciences include a body of knowledge, that deals with social and cultural aspects of human life that have emerged as distinct disciplines in order to be taught at different levels of the education system.