MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 9 (Science Mathematics)

Rigidity is often regarded as a limitation of planning. So, it is not a principle involved in lesson planning.

Assistive technologies provide a human interface to the alternative text in various modalities. Assistive technologies are products used by people with disabilities to help accomplish tasks that they cannot accomplish otherwise or could not do easily otherwise.

William stern used the word IQ first.
Assessment of Intelligence:

• In 1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon made the first successful attempt to formally measure intelligence.
• In 1908, when the scale was revised, they gave the concept of Mental Age (MA), which is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of her/his age group.

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development. It emphasizes twofold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner. It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

A learning curve visualizes changes in pupil overall performance over time. The line graph displays opportunities across the x-axis, and a measure of student performance along the y-axis. A good learning curve which is also known as the 'experience curve', reveals improvement in pupils' performance as opportunity count (i.e., exercise practice with a given knowledge component) increases.

• Learning curve was first defined by Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885. 
• By learning curve, learners can relate his/her development through the method visually presented in the graph.
• There are 3 varieties of the curve of learning i.e. concave curve, convex curve, and concave and convex curve/Combination type curve.

Let's Understand in Brief:

So, it could be concluded that longitudinal is not the curve of learning.

'Learning to learn' is the ability to pursue and persist in learning, to organise one's own learning, including effective management of time and information, both individually and in groups. So, the most effective from all the above options is 'Learning to learn'.

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning are actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment. Knowledge is created or constructed by the experiencing individual. It is not impersonal or absolute.

• Bruner defines constructivism as a learning theory in which learning is seen as an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and previous knowledge.

Children learning to draw from their art teacher is an instance of formal learning.
Formal learning is also called structured learning or synchronous learning. Examples of formal learning include classroom instruction, web-based training, remote labs, e-learning courses, workshops, seminars, webinars, etc.

Children with learning disabilities have confusion between letters and alphabets that look alike. "Learning disability" is an "umbrella" term describing a number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dysgraphia.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development. 
• He believed that cognitive skills and patterns of thinking are the product of the interaction between the individual and the socio-cultural institution where the individual grows up.

The child first starts getting attracted towards the light. Child development refers to the biological and intellectual changes that occur in humans from birth to the end of adolescence, when they gradually move from dependence to more autonomy. Since these developmental changes can be largely influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are typically included as part of the study of child development.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards. So, as per the right, admission cannot be rejected for want of Transfer Certificate.

Multilingualism is the knowledge of more than one language by a person or within a social group; it assumes the ability to switch from one language to another in speech, writing, or reading.

• Other terms describing this phenomenon include bilingualism, polylingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, and languages-in-contact. 
• Multilingualism may be personal, social, or intersubjective.
• Personal multilingualism refers to the knowledge and verbal behavior of an individual, not necessarily shared by the whole community.
• Social multilingualism refers to the communicative practices of a nation, tribe, or another social group that sustains two or more languages.

The learner-centred approach of teaching puts learners in the centre and gives primacy to children's experiences and needs. It strongly believes that when children are given the freedom to work at their own pace, they develop the ability to assimilate the concepts efficiently.

A common mnemonic for remembering lists is to create an easily remembered acronym, or, taking each of the initial letters of the list members, create a memorable phrase in which the words with the same acronym act as the material.
The technique mentioned in the question is one example of mnemonics.

Creativity involves thinking originally, recombining ideas in new ways and breaking away from set ways of thinking and behavior.

Kohlberg's idea of moral development has three levels.

• Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'.
• He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized in three levels and six stages.
• He has studied moral development by posing moral dilemmas to groups of children as well as adolescents and adults.

We don't know about the age of the individual. The physical age of the child is compared to the intellectual performance of the child, based on performance in tests and live assessments by a psychologist. The physical age is not given, so nothing can be determined.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is an education policy document in India that provides guidelines for school curriculum development. 

The  'Theory of Multiple Intelligence' or 'Multidimensional Intelligence Theory'  was propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner' in his book 'Frames of Mind'. 
This theory describes eight different kinds of intelligence and emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain.
• each individual has his/her own unique abilities.
• intelligence is not dominated by a general factor.

So, it could be concluded that the Theory of multiple intelligence emphasize that there are several forms of intelligence.

An anecdotal record is an observational method used frequently in classroom or learning settings in which the observer summarises a single developmental incident after the event has occurred. Written from memory, the anecdotal record documents a student's growth and trends.

Thorndike developed his theory based on his famous experiment on the cat and the puzzle box.

The zone of proximal development, commonly referred to as ZPD, is an important principle of Vygotsky's work. ZPD is defined as the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently.

Creative writing should be an activity planned for all the children. However, the activity can be planned keeping in view the cognitive level of the students, and the their learning stage.

Children’s Errors and Mistakes:

• are a window into how they think and learn. 
• are significant step in the teaching-learning process. 
• are necessary in the learning process to give insight into children's thinking.
• help the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater to them according to their needs.
• are considered a part of the teaching-learning process as it helps to understand the child.

Hence, we conclude that the errors of learners often indicate how they learn.

Eight Intellectual Levels or Eight Conditions of Learning:

• Signal learning: The learner makes a general response to a signal.
• Stimulus-response learning: The learner makes a precise response to a signal.
• Chaining: The connection of a set of individual stimulus and responses in a sequence.
• Verbal association: The learner makes associations using verbal connections.
• Discrimination Learning: The learner makes different responses to different stimuli that are somewhat alike.
• Concept learning: The learner develops the ability to make a generalized response based on a class of stimuli.
• Rule learning: A rule is a chain of concepts linked to demonstrated behaviour.
• Problem-solving: The learner discovers a combination of previously learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that proper prerequisites are not a type of learning according to Gagne’s Theory of Learning.

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development. It emphasizes twofold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner. It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects.

• The term individual development is the process of maturation of a child up to a stage where he\she can independently make their own decisions about their life.
• Individual development caters to the overall development of the child in terms of its physical, mental, emotional, and psychological growth.

​As we live in a society, we come across persons who are followers of different cultures which allows us the opportunity to understand and expose our minds to the different customs and cultures of the society.
When individual experiences and interacts with different persons he is influenced by them and this influence plays an important role in the psychological development of a person.
It not only affects psychological development, but it also affects the other factors of development as the kind of society we grow up in, makes an impact on our lifestyle.
Such as if a person grows up in a family of sportspersons he is also going to be affected and influenced to participate in sports which will impact his physical and mental development.
Thus, it is concluded that there is cultural diversity in the process of development is correct for the process of development of an individual.