MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 1 (Social Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

A child or young person has Special Educational Needs (SEN) if he or she has learning difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for him or her to learn than most other children and young people of about the same age.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 
According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Exceptional children are those who deviate from the normal population and need special education services to meet their needs. It includes children who are gifted, backward, creative, learning disabled, educationally retarded, etc.
The above-mentioned characteristic is related to 'Educationally retarded children' as a class consists of students with varying learning abilities as some learn fast and some learn slowly.
'Educationally retarded children': 

• An educationally retarded child is not mentally retarded or physically disabled.
• He may have a neurological handicap or emotional disorder which hinders their abilities.
• Appropriate training is required to make educationally retarded children learn some self-care and communication skills.
• Educationally retarded children show the inability to do the work of the class below that which is normal for their age.

So, it could be concluded that if a child 'who is in the middle of his school (that is about ten and half years) is unable to do the work of the class below that which is normal for his age" is known as 'Educationally retarded children'.
Mental retardation: It refers to an intellectual disability characterized by low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and impairments in adaptive daily life skills. 
Moron: A child with mild intellectual disability and an IQ of (51-70).
Idiot: A child with the least intelligence on the IQ scale (0-25).

A learning outcome provides a description of what learners should know, understand, and be able to do in a course or program. It provides direction for the design of instructional activities and clearly communicates to learners the end-product of the learning experience.
Learning outcome depends upon the learner, learning material, learning process and teacher.
The learner must have a learning objective and motive. This helps to decide on the learning outcome.
Learning material must be such that it should encourage the learners, as well as must have practical alue. This helps to achieve the learning outcome.
Learning process and teacher determine the design of instructional activities, and hence the learning outcome.

The learning of language can be understood by the explanations provided above, further understanding of the process of language development is needed. It is clear that language acquisition is not present at birth, but takes place through the development of interaction between the external world and the internal mental processes of the learner.

A review of a book on government schemes is not appropriate to take knowledge of primary sources.
Primary Sources: A source will be considered as a primary source in case it carries newly generated information, original work of research, or a new interpretation of already known facts. The document is the first and often the only published record of original research. The information contained in primary sources is generally scattered and unorganized.

Case-history method is more effective to study all of the factors given above because the information includes the past history which may be gathered from a patient, his close relatives like parents, siblings or others who accompany him or from his friends, neighbours, etc.

The term pedagogy can be used to define the various ways that teaching and learning is carried out, in an educational sense. It is a term that refers to the method of how teachers teach, in theory, and in practice.

• Pedagogy is formed by an educator’s teaching beliefs and concerns the interplay between culture and different ways to learn. In order to help students to build on prior learning, meaningful classroom relationships must exist.

The theory of classical conditioning was propounded by I.V. Paulov in 1904. According to this theory, a response to a natural stimulus that is similar to a natural stimulus is classical conditioning, that is, the establishment of an association between the stimulus and the response is conditioning. Before understanding classical conditioning, it is necessary to know that there are other functions in human beings, some are innate like breathing, digestion etc and some are for psychological reasons like blinking, salivation etc.

trial and error method is more useful for Ariving at a conclusion as for only this option one can apply trial and error method to get the answer directly.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Children in Pre-operational stage have symbolic thinking but do not realize that actions can be reversed and their judgments are based on the immediate appearance of things. 
Cognitive development involves cognitive processes such as knowing, thinking, remembering, recognizing, categorizing, imagining, reasoning, decision-making, and so forth. Cognitive development proceeds as children mature. Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages.

• Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 years) & Preoperational (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operational (7-11 years) & Formal Operational (11 years and above)

​The Pre-operational Stage: This is the second stage of cognitive development which is basically a pre-logical stage as logic has not yet fully developed. It extends from two to seven years of age. They begin to think symbolically. During the Symbolic play, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use. For example, such a child can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a puppy that is no longer present there.

The primary role of the teacher should be to give plenty of opportunities to children to share their own understanding and knowledge. This only can help to realise the aims and objectives of a curriculum.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

Exceptional students have an IQ level between 130-144

• Intelligence Quotient is commonly known as IQ refers to the score of a standardized test that assesses and measures human intelligence.
• The first test to measure intelligence was developed by Binet and Simon in 1905. 
• Terman in 1916 revised the test and devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient.

Kohlberg divided six stages into three separate levels. The three levels of moral development include pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Those at post-conventional level base their decisions on more abstract principles that may not be defined by their particular society's laws. Thus, the subject in question is at this level.

Creative thinking aims at novelty in the first instance rather than truth. Creative thinking is always 'constructive' as it aims at novelty. It necessarily has to be different from the conventional modes of thinking.

Classroom Discussions play a vital role in shaping or constructing the overall personality of a child. The discussions help the child to not only presents his or her point of view but to get an idea of other's perception as well and this helps in shaping the all-round thinking of a child.
Gender Bias:

• It refers to the belief that someone prioritizes one gender more than another. 
• It is a form of unconscious bias, or implicit bias, which occurs when one individual attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to another person or group of people.
• It is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other for example preferring boys over girls during an activity. Bias can be conscious or unconscious and may manifest in many ways, both subtle and obvious.

Examples of Gender Bias in Teaching and at school:

• Stereotypical expressions of male and female characters in textbook content.
• Assigning work differentially to boys and girls.
• Girls being given lesser opportunities to participate in school and classroom events.

Gender Constancy: The concept of gender constancy refers to a cognitive stage of development of children at which they come to understand that their gender (meaning their biological sex) is fixed and cannot change over time.
Gender Relevance: It is an important consideration in development. It is a way of looking at how social norms and power structures impact on the lives and opportunities available to different groups of men and women.
Gender Identity: It is a personal conception of oneself as male or female. This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect gender identity.
So, during a classroom discussion if a teacher pays more attention to boys than girls then it will be regarded as an example of Gender Bias.

Determinants of individual differences in human beings relate to both heredity and environment interacting separately. Man's behaviour is influenced by two forces: heredity and environment. Heredity traits are innate; they are present at birth. The essential characteristics inherited by all human beings are physical structure, reflexes, innate drives, intelligence, and temperament. There are some biologists who claim that the difference in the traits or qualities of individuals or groups are due to the difference in their heredity.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted a series of studies with children and adults.
• His findings suggested that development happens in a specific sequence of stages that is not culture-specific. He identified six stages of moral development within three levels.
• There are two specific stages at each level.

Adequate classroom environment exhibits a basic level of order, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.
There are four categories of classroom environment including dysfunctional, adequate, orderly restrictive and orderly enabling/flexible environment, in which adequate classroom environment exhibits the basic level of order for meaningful learning, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.

The least restricted environment is a set up where disadvantaged students get the opportunity to be educated with the non-disadvantaged and non-disabled peers. Hence, it normalises the lives of children from deprived groups who were increasing the linkage of school with the parents and communities of these children.

All learners make mistakes. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

Cognitive development aims to study a child's development, especially information processing, conceptual processing, perceptual skills, language learning, and other aspects related to brain development. The process of striking a balance between adjustment and assimilation. Whereas on the other hand adaptation (a relatively stable structure) occurs when the child strikes a balance between the two processes while trying to internalize the perceived processes.

The achievement motivation theory is the theory that people are motivated to succeed by seeking out achievement. These people are encouraged by succeeding at difficult or challenging tasks. They are also motivated by looking for different methods of accomplishment.

The National Education Policy (NEP) was approved by the Union Cabinet in July 2020 and aims to implement various improvements to the Indian educational system from the school level to the college level.

Assessment of learning evaluates student learning by comparing it against some standard or level. It ‘Sums-up’ how much a student has learned over a period of time. The main objective is to rank, grade, classify and compare students periodically that indicate their level of performance. It is considered a Formal method of Assessment as it is conducted at a specific time.

Motivation cycle is a transition of states within an organism that propels the organism towards the satisfaction of a particular need, where motivation itself is considered a hypothesised state. Option (4) is the correct answer.

Learner motivation is frequently classified as intrinsic, where students are motivated by course content, or extrinsic, where students are motivated by a course grade or credit.

Child development involves the study of the patterns of growth, change and stability that occurs from conception through adolescence and therefore its emphasis on internal and external factors for its growth. The role of environment, experience and intelligence play a major role in the development of a child.