MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 5 (Social Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Less restricted environment increases compassion and acceptance in students. Thus, it sensitises other children not to bully or to put the disadvantaged children down.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, commonly know as 'CCE' has been introduced as a school-based system of evaluation by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

According to the question girl’s parents are sportspersons and she obtained training from coaching. Both of her parents are sportspersons. So, we can say that her capabilities depend on heredity and the environment.

• The individual’s personality is the product of both heredity and environment.
• Heredity determines a child's potential, while the Environment influences the extent to which that potential is achieved.

Role of Heredity and Environment:

So, from the points, as mentioned above, it becomes clear that the girl's capabilities are most likely to be the result of an interaction between heredity and the environment.

Social development is a result of the environment in which the child moves. The moral, physical and cognitive developments are the functions of heredity and environment both and not the functions of maturation. Cognitive development of the child depends upon the interaction between heredity and environment. Intelligence is a part of the cognitive domain of the child. Due to heredity, a child's nurturance is held in the environment in which he moves. According to the question, in the last few decades, a child's performance is consistently increasing in IQ.

Social deviance, broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that violates prevailing social norms.

School and media are secondary socializing agencies. 
Socialization is the process where the child learns to associate and relate with others. It refers to the process which transforms a quite helpless human infant into a self-aware, knowledgeable person who is skilled in the ways of their society’s culture. 

Wood, Bruner, and Ross's (1976) idea of scaffolding parallels the work of Vygotsky. They described scaffolding as the support given to a learner who is younger by an older, more experienced adult. Vygotsky observed that adults and older peers' instructions to children become less directive across time; a process he called "scaffolding." When working with very young children, adults and older peers are naturally prone to provide a lot of structure and direction, telling children exactly what to do and how to do it. As time goes by, however, and children gain experience with problem solving on their own, adults/peers will naturally decrease the amount of prompting and direction they provide to children.

A student with the locus of control believes that success or failure is due to his or her efforts or disabilities.

• The locus of control can be either internal or external to the individual.

Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult's point of view. 

Teacher should overlook this fact and treat such a child at par with other children.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as 'Socio Cultural Theory'. Developmental Processes Society and culture of the children plays a vital role in the development of their cognition. 

According to the principles of motivation, a teacher promotes learning through as a teacher, care should be taken that children behave ethically.
Principle of the motivation in learning:

• Motivation is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically.
• Motivation should encourage curiosity in the students.
• The motivation should be blended with both praise and encouragement to develop self-reliance among the students.
• The teacher promotes learning through motivation by taking care of the students so that the students behave ethically. The role of the teacher is to guide in the learning process so they take part in the process actively instead of feeling that learning is a burden, the students should feel learning is fun and interesting.
• When students start behaving ethically it will help to develop their character, they will be able to judge which is good or bad, which help them to understand the world.
• The teacher should motivate the students by guiding them, not by forcing and punishment because the child may learn in fear of punishment, but he will never understand the knowledge because he studies in fear of punishment.

If some students cannot understand a topic because of the wide gap in their previous knowledge, the best approach to help the students is to arrange extra classes, as by only this approach can the wide gaps in their previous knowledge be filled.

Family is one of the most important social institutions. Most of the world’s population lives in family units. The specific form and behavior patterns found within a family have shown variations through time across countries of the world and even within a country.

Aspiration is an example of intrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic Motivation:
An intrinsically motivated activity will always be rewarded due to the direct relationship between the activity and the goal. This secures a continuous motivation to do the activity.
Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or aspiration.
So, it does not require an external push, unlike extrinsic motivation which requires an external motivating factor. So intrinsic motivation is more beneficial.
Extrinsic  Motivation:
When an activity is performed to accomplish the goal of an external reward, the person is said to be extrinsically motivated.
Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something.
This is motivation based on external rewards and has nothing to do with the activity directly. The Behaviourists' approach to motivation mainly focuses on the external rewards of reinforcement and punishment.
Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that aspiration is an example of intrinsic motivation.

Humans seek to reduce anxiety through defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms can be psychologically healthy or maladaptive, but tension reduction is the overall goal.

A congenial classroom is one where all pupils are accepted, where they are all acknowledged as important, and where they are recognized. The instructors try to consider their students as more than just academic tools. A congenial classroom atmosphere promotes a positive learning experience for students

The  'Theory of Multiple Intelligence' or 'Multidimensional Intelligence Theory'  was propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner' in his book 'Frames of Mind'. 
This theory describes eight different kinds of intelligence and emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain.
• each individual has his/her own unique abilities.
• intelligence is not dominated by a general factor.

So, it could be concluded that the Theory of multiple intelligence emphasize that there are several forms of intelligence.

The opaque projector, epidioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projector.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two types of motivation. Students that are intrinsically driven have a natural drive to complete their assignments. Students who are driven by external rewards are extrinsically motivated.

One of the basic principles of socializing individuals is education.
Socialization is a process by which an individual becomes a member of society through a mechanism of interaction. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for future roles.
Principles of Socialization:

• To make new members of society familiar with social traditions, manners, customs, etc.
• To prepare the members of the society to adapt to the constantly changing environment
• To lead to education through a process of social interaction
• To study the various types of social relationships and their impact on individual development.
• To control the teaching-learning process to achieve the personality development of every single child.

Educational diagnostic testing is a form of assessment that occurs before instruction begins. The purpose of administering diagnostic tests is to try to determine what students already know about the concepts and skills to be covered by instruction. So, it is to know the general area of weakness in class performance.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc. are the most common learning disability.

Constructivist pedagogy places the child at the centre of the learning, and can also be referred to as ‘invisible pedagogy’. It is an approach to learning in which learners are provided the opportunity to construct their own sense of what is being learned by building internal connection or relationship among the ideas and facts being taught.” 

A classroom teacher would like to know the opinion of class X students on a certain issue. The appropriate method to know the opinion is an attitude. Attitude means a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• It includes all the categories of learners like disadvantaged students, general categories students, excluded students, Minority students, learning disabled students, etc.
• Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Knowing that objects and people exist even when you can't see or hear them is an important part of object permanence. Jean Piaget, a child psychologist, was the first to uncover this notion, and it is a critical milestone in a baby's brain development.
The capacity of a youngster to perceive that items remain even after they are no longer visible or audible is referred to as object permanence. When an object is concealed from view, infants under a particular age are frequently distressed that it has disappeared.

Cognitive abilities speak about the social expectations for every stage of development. These are the brain based skills that we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the more complex.

What did you eat in dinner yesterday? What is the name of your best friend? Do you know how to drive a car or ride a cycle? How did you feel when you got highest marks in your class? The mental process you used to answer all of these questions is known as memory.

• Memory refers to the ability to retain information and reproduce it over a period of time when required to perform a cognitive task. 
• Woodsworth says that “Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned.”
• He regards memory as involving learning, retention, recall, and recognition of objects, events, or things.

​Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the learning and experiences are stored in the brain by an individual for a period is called memory.

The adolescence stage of cognitive development is termed the formal operational stage; in this stage, an individual has the ability to think and reason from concrete visible events to an ability to think hypothetically. An individual can solve problems through abstract concepts and utilize them hypothetically.