MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 8 (Social Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Bruner's theory is a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition. The main aim was that instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and/or fill in the gaps.

Disadvantaged students are those belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minority groups. The children from these categories come to school with a disadvantaged tag with them and as a result, they become easy prey to differential treatment by the teacher and their classmates.

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc. Cognition is the process of acquiring knowledge through experiences and senses. 
Cognition describes how mental processes i.e. learning, remembering, problem-solving, and thinking develop from birth until adulthood. Understanding cognitive development is useful in determining the kind of thinking children are capable of at different age levels.

• The relationship between cognition and emotion has fascinated important thinkers within the intellectual tradition. Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development in a child is the development of an integrated and holistic fashion.
• Cognition is closely intertwined with emotions and language. Mind states are powerful determinants of one’s current judgments and decision-making, which often effect once performance outcome in a task both in social and non-social contexts.
• Emotions or emotional approach is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a different situation.
• The relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional - a dynamic interplay.
• Emotions are experienced as positive feelings, negative feelings, and undesired reactions to any stressful situation, these often impact decision making i.e. cognition.
• The Emotional Approach involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to better deal with stressful situations.

So, the relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional i.e. a dynamic interplay between both cognition and emotions.

Self-study habit can be developed in children by citing examples of great people. Encouraging your children to develop good study habits from an early age is one of the most important things.

Student-centric approach, also known as the learner-centered approach, encompasses teaching methods that shift focus from teachers to students.

The hyperactive children need special attention in the classroom.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) belongs to the group of externalising disorders of childhood. The term hyperactive is familiar to most people, especially parents and teachers. The child who is constantly in motion, tapping fingers, jiggling legs, poking others for no apparent reason, talking out of turn, and fidgeting is often called hyperactive. These children also have difficulty concentrating on the task at hand for an appropriate period of time.

• Children with ADHD seem to have particular difficulty controlling their activity in situations that call for sitting still, such as in the classroom or at mealtimes. When required to be quiet, they appear unable to stop moving or talking.
• They have poor attention to details and distractibility. Their activities are often disorganised. They are often forgetful and leave many activities incomplete, make many silly mistakes in school work.
• Due to poor attention, they fail to comprehend long instructions, even avoid activities that require sustained attention. Thus, they require special attention in the classroom.

Schools should promote the personal/social development of students in a safe, inclusive learning environment. They also provide a foundation for students to understand their interests, abilities and challenges. This translates to developing as per their potential in the areas of their interests.

Education would be meaningful only then when it would be student/child-centred. Education is referred to as child-centred education when it gives preference to a child's needs, interests & aptitudes.

There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
Some of the famous learning theories include:

B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory rather he has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.
Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

• Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. The six major categories of objectives which come under the cognitive domain are Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
• Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
• Psychomotor Domain: It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

So, it could be concluded that B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory.

Engrams are theorised to be means by which memories are stored as biophysical or biochemical changes in the brain.

Intelligence has been defined as the sum total of everything you know, as the ability to learn or profit from experience, as the ability to solve problems, or as the ability to cope with the demands of the environment. 

While playing, a group of children enact scenes from a recent popular movie. This situation highlights that media is an important agency of socialization.
The process of learning to internalize the values and norms into itself or the mode of learning to live in society is called the process of socialization. There are many sources of socialization such as School, College, Friends, Society, Neighbourhood, Religion, Caste, Media, newspapers, Meetings, Events, etc.
Media is the source in which observational skills are considered, media such as Television, magazines, Mobile phone, reality shows, newspapers, etc.

The Cephalocaudal Principle states that development proceeds from top to bottom. According to this principle, a child will gain physical control of their head first. After this, physical control will move downward to the arms and lastly to the legs.

Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. It provides a bank of memories and symbols inherited from one's fellow speakers and created in one's own lifetime.​

Equilibration takes place when a child strikes balance between the two processes while trying to internalise the perceived object.
Equilibration: The process of striking a balance between accommodation and assimilation. On the other hand, When the child strikes a balance between the two processes while trying to internalize the perceived object, adaptation (a relatively stable structure) takes place.

Focussing too much on the result will actually have an adverse effect and will add to the anxiety quotient. Focussing on process rather than outcome is a much better strategy.

Motivation refers to those factors which increase or decrease an individual's vigor for some activity. Motivation is something that energizes and directs behavior.

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.
Let's understand Chomsky's view about language in brief:

• Innate ability: He strongly believes that children are born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition.
• Generative grammar: According to Chomsky it refers to a finite set of rules to generate sentences and can be used to produce more sentences in that language.
• Universal grammar: Chomsky's universal grammar suggests that all children have an innate ability to acquire, understand and develop grammar.
• Language Acquisition Device: Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device that enables a child to acquire and produce language.

A brief description of other psychologists:

So, Noam Chomsky is associated with ‘language development'.

Children's errors are a window into how they think. They commit mistakes and learn in the process. These errors when committed by children and rectified by teachers/parents pave new way of learning, thinking, and doing things.

The importance of individual differences in organizing educational programs effectively can vary depending on the specific context and goals of the program. However, socio-emotional and mental characteristics are often considered crucial in educational settings.

Hearing impaired learners, sign language is the most appropriate.
A hearing-impaired person is the one who has difficulty in hearing. For such people, sign languages are used to show them what one is saying. The first person credited with the creation of a formal sign language for the hearing impaired was Pedro Ponce de León, a 16th-century Spanish Benedictine monk.

• A language that employs signs made with the hands and other movements, including facial expressions and postures of the body is called sign language.
• But people with disabilities including Autism, Apraxia of speech, Cerebral Palsy, and Down Syndrome may also find sign language beneficial for communicating.
• Sign language may be as coarsely expressed as mere grimaces, shrugs, or pointings; or it may employ a delicately nuanced combination of coded manual signals reinforced by facial expression and perhaps augmented by words spelt out in a manual alphabet.

Mental age ÷ Physical age × 100 = IQ
5/4 x 100 = 125
No matter what the child's chronological age is, if the mental age is the same as the chronological age, then the IQ will equal 100. Modern intelligence tests, including the current Stanford-Binet test, no longer compute scores using the IQ formula.

Critical Thinking: Critical thinking is a process that is way beyond mental exercise. It ensembles the various mechanisms of reasoning which enable us to, analyze, synthesize, process, and evaluate the information.

Parents should play a forward-looking role in the learning process of their children and encourage them to do better. As preschoolers grow into school-age children, parents become their children's learning coaches. Through guidance and reminders, parents help their children organize their time and support their desire to learn new things in and out of school.

An inclusive school does not segregate special children from normal. On the contrary, it mixes them with other children. So, the premise of the question is itself contradictory.

​A teacher does not often have the opportunity to consider the very basic principles of his/her craft in the classroom. There are a few factors that contribute to effective and worthwhile learning and teaching environment. All teachers do good things some of the time, and all good teachers do bad things some of the time. The differences among teachers lie not only in the proportions of the good and the bad but also in their awareness of the effects of what they are doing and their readiness to share this awareness with their students.

Teachers need to create a good classroom environment to facilitate children’s learning. To create such a learning environment, compliance with teachers of the given statements is not true.
The environment in which learning takes place may be described as a composite of natural conditions, circumstances and influences, and sociocultural contexts in which an individual is situated. Therefore, you can say that the learning environment is the sum total of the surroundings in which individuals interact to enrich experiences and thus leading to learning.

PSRN refers to Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy.

Children with special needs have unique learning requirements and it is the responsibility of the teacher to respond to these needs in a positive manner.

All the options given in the question about growth are correct except option C. i.e. it is not necessary that growth always bring development for example if a child becomes fat may not bring any qualitative improvement.