MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 9 (Social Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Rigidity is often regarded as a limitation of planning. So, it is not a principle involved in lesson planning.

Assistive technologies provide a human interface to the alternative text in various modalities. Assistive technologies are products used by people with disabilities to help accomplish tasks that they cannot accomplish otherwise or could not do easily otherwise.

Every child has his own set of qualities. Also, there is the right time to learn a skill. The time at which a child becomes ready to learn is called maturation.
Maturation is interpreted as a relatively permanent change in an individual, such as cognitive, emotional, or physical, that occurs as a result of biological aging, regardless of personal experience.
Things to remember during training:

• A child can learn a new skill prematurely or late.
• Training of a child to learn a new skill is worth appreciating but it should be remembered that the child is mature enough to learn.
• Premature training may be both beneficial and harmful for the children based on the methodology used by the trainer in the training process.
• For example, for a primary school child to multiply 895 and 568 is rugged, explaining to him to multiply this may be troublesome and a burden for him. But there are instances when a child learns to multiply numbers of this extent using an abacus it becomes easy for him/her.

So, it could be concluded that training before normal maturation is generally beneficial or harmful depending on the method used in training. 

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development. It emphasizes twofold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner. It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects.

• The term individual development is the process of maturation of a child up to a stage where he\she can independently make their own decisions about their life.
• Individual development caters to the overall development of the child in terms of its physical, mental, emotional, and psychological growth.

​As we live in a society, we come across persons who are followers of different cultures which allows us the opportunity to understand and expose our minds to the different customs and cultures of the society.
When individual experiences and interacts with different persons he is influenced by them and this influence plays an important role in the psychological development of a person.
It not only affects psychological development, but it also affects the other factors of development as the kind of society we grow up in, makes an impact on our lifestyle.
Such as if a person grows up in a family of sportspersons he is also going to be affected and influenced to participate in sports which will impact his physical and mental development.
Thus, it is concluded that there is cultural diversity in the process of development is correct for the process of development of an individual.

'Learning to learn' is the ability to pursue and persist in learning, to organise one's own learning, including effective management of time and information, both individually and in groups. So, the most effective from all the above options is 'Learning to learn'.

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning are actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment. Knowledge is created or constructed by the experiencing individual. It is not impersonal or absolute.

• Bruner defines constructivism as a learning theory in which learning is seen as an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and previous knowledge.

• Teachers can identify children who take part in all school activities and those children who are always left out. so he should organize group games, debates, seminars, conferences, etc. so that students can take part in these activities.
• Teachers can make use of sociometric devices to identify isolates and cliquish in a given group. 
• The disliked or rejected can be helped by making them aware of the reasons and also planning and implementing some remedial programmes such as making groups consisting of disliked or rejected ad popular children for various work, such as assignment during school day programmes, 
• Child's hostility, tension, nervousness, rebellion. temper tantrums, withdrawal, indifference and other undesirable reactions. Hence. parents and teachers should try to understand the probable causes for their children's aggressive behaviour. 
• Teachers and parents should help the children to release their emotions by playing with dolls. Children need many opportunities at school and home to sing, play outdoor games, to tell a poem or painting to release their emotions.

Children with learning disabilities have confusion between letters and alphabets that look alike. "Learning disability" is an "umbrella" term describing a number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dysgraphia.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development. 
• He believed that cognitive skills and patterns of thinking are the product of the interaction between the individual and the socio-cultural institution where the individual grows up.

Two basic processes are involved in adaptation: assimilation and accommodation.

• Assimilation takes place when people try to understand something new by fitting it into what they already know.
  For example, When a child watches a nature documentary the child may discover new animals and add them to the existing group of animals in his memory. The fitting of new experience into the already existing scheme is called Assimilation.
• The modification of existing schemes (and the development of new ones) in order to make sense of new experiences is called accommodation.
  For example, the child will keep calling a cat a "dog" until someone corrects him and made him understand the difference between a cat and a dog. He will now have a different scheme for understanding cats.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards. So, as per the right, admission cannot be rejected for want of Transfer Certificate.

Multilingualism is the knowledge of more than one language by a person or within a social group; it assumes the ability to switch from one language to another in speech, writing, or reading.

The situation given in the above question shows the trend of the organization

• Two Basic Inclinations and Tendencies in Thinking: According to Piaget's research on biology, humans have two basic tendencies. The first is inclined towards organization which deals with the arrangement, recombination and rearrangement of behavior and thought into a coherent system.
• Organization: This concept assumes that people have a tendency to organize their thinking processes into psychological structures. For example, very young children can either look at an object or hold it when their hands contract .
• Adaptation: As the term suggests this concept refers to the adjustment of man to the new environment. It can be defined as "changing one's cognitive structure or one's environment (or to some extent both) in order to better understand one's environment".

A common mnemonic for remembering lists is to create an easily remembered acronym, or, taking each of the initial letters of the list members, create a memorable phrase in which the words with the same acronym act as the material. The technique mentioned in the question is one example of mnemonics.

Creativity involves thinking originally, recombining ideas in new ways and breaking away from set ways of thinking and behavior.

• When children are being creative, they will produce something. But their goal is not the finished product. Evaluation of the end product is more appropriate when working with older children and adults.
• Be open to children's suggestions about doing something different and venture with them as they explore their play material. Such an attitude will tell them that it is all right to try out something new.to experiment. Sometimes you may need to encourage children to explore and think for themselves if they seem hesitant to do so. 
• Schedule some activities each day that allows self-expression and make these activities as creative as possible to foster independence in them.
• Do not reward children for an activity that they like to do in the first place, in the absence of the reward so that it enhances the positive effect.

​Hence it is clear that all the above points encourage creativity.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) refers to a system of school-based evaluation of students that covers all aspects of students' development.

• CCE was introduced by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in India to evaluate the student’s development in all aspects throughout the academic year on a continuous basis.
• The objective of CCE is to make evaluation an integral part of learning through diagnostic and remedial teaching.
• CCE helps improve student’s performance by identifying his/her learning difficulties at regular intervals right from the beginning of the academic session and employing suitable remedial measures for enhancing their learning performance.

CCE describes two different types of evaluations which include summative and formative assessment/evaluation.

• "Summative Evaluation", commonly known as  "Assessment of Learning" is a type of evaluation which:
  • measures, certifies, and reports the level of students' learning by assessing them at the end of the term.
  • produces an accurate description of students' potential and achievement to promote them to the next grades.
• "Formative evaluation", commonly known as "Assessment for Learning" is a type of evaluation which: 
  • monitor the child's progress throughout the teaching-learning process and improve students' academic achievements.
  • diagnoses and removes the learning difficulties of students with appropriate strategies.

So, it becomes clear that Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation includes both formative and summative assessments using a wide variety of strategies.

We don't know about the age of the individual. The physical age of the child is compared to the intellectual performance of the child, based on performance in tests and live assessments by a psychologist. The physical age is not given, so nothing can be determined.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is an education policy document in India that provides guidelines for school curriculum development. 

• The NCF 2005 emphasizes a constructivist approach to learning, which focuses on students actively constructing their knowledge and understanding through hands-on experiences, problem-solving, critical thinking, and inquiry-based learning.
• The framework emphasizes the development of higher-order thinking skills, application of knowledge to real-life situations, and fostering a deep understanding of concepts rather than rote memorization.
• It promotes a student-centered approach to education that encourages active engagement and the ability to think critically and creatively.

Hence, we can conclude that NCF 2005 emphasizes that most is on construction of knowledge.

School-based assessment was introduced to ensure the holistic development of all the students.
In order to overcome the maladies and shortcomings that had crept in during the implementation of CCE causing serious malfunctioning, school-based assessment has been proposed as next-generation assessment.
It may be fourth in the sequence of one-time external (board) examination to a combination of external and internal examination to CCE and now SBA.
School-Based Assessment (SBA) may be defined as-

• Assessment that facilitates the attainment of competencies specified in terms of learning outcomes in a holistic manner during the teaching-learning process.
• Assessment embedded in the teaching and learning process within the broader educational philosophy of ‘assessment for learning’.
• Assessment of school students by school teachers in the schools.

An anecdotal record is an observational method used frequently in classroom or learning settings in which the observer summarises a single developmental incident after the event has occurred. Written from memory, the anecdotal record documents a student's growth and trends.

Thorndike developed his theory based on his famous experiment on the cat and the puzzle box.

Imitation learning mainly influences the personality of the child. Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior. An imitation is also a form of social learning that leads to the "development of traditions, and ultimately our culture.

Creative writing should be an activity planned for all the children. However, the activity can be planned keeping in view the cognitive level of the students, and the their learning stage.

Mistakes and Errors:

• When a learner can’t master a topic, he/she is vulnerable to make errors. Errors are nothing but incorrectness made by a child during learning. 
• It also takes place due to the mismatch in previously assimilated and newly accommodated knowledge. 

'Development is not aided by stimulation' statement is not correct about development.
Development is aided by stimulation:  While most development occurs as a result of maturation and environmental experiences, much can be done to aid development so that it will reach its full potential. Stimulation is especially effective at the time when the ability is normally developing, though it is important at all times.

Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

Lev Vygotsky focused on socio-culture development of the child. Lev Vygotsky emphasized the effects of social and cultural context in cognitive development. His view included a focus on the process of development, collective activities, and the importance of making sense of development in the context of the cultural and historical context of the child.

At 4 – 5 years of age, a male child develops a deeper attachment to his mother, known as the Oedipus complex, than to his father.
Psychological stages of development:

• Stage I: Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
• Stage II: Anal Stage (18 months to three years)
• Stage III: Phallic Stage (three to five years)
• Stage IV: Latency Stage (six to twelve years)
• Stage V: Genital Stage (thirteen years to adulthood)