MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 10 (Social Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. Both of these are the examples of evaluation.

Learning disabilities are disorders that affect brain functioning of understanding, reading, writing, spelling, reasoning or recalling ability.

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development. 
• Vygotsky embedded in this theory, the concept of 'private speech' which is a kind of speech directed to the self with no communicative function.
• Children use private speech to guide their actions by speaking to themselves.

Private Speech:

• It refers to the speech produced aloud by young children that seem to be addressed either to the self or others, which sometimes cannot be easily conceived by a listener.
• It has a significant role in the augmentation of the self and self-consciousness. It is the main aspect in the development of self and subjectivity.
• This phenomenon starts in the early years of life and proceeds to the end of adolescence and even later.

So, from the points, as mentioned above, it becomes clear that the above-mentioned kind of 'private speech' is a sign of Self-regulation.

According to Piaget's theory of learning, teachers can ask whether the syllabus subjects are suitable for the level of students or not (i.e. keeping in mind the needs of each and every student).

The cognitive process among the options you provided is "thinking." Thinking refers to the mental process of generating thoughts, ideas, and concepts through perception, reasoning, and memory. It involves various cognitive activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, imagination, and planning. Playing and running, on the other hand, are physical activities, while retrograde actions do not describe a specific cognitive process.

Retreat is not considered as a factor of cognition.
Cognitive factors refer to characteristics of the person that affect performance and learning. These factors serve to modulate performance such that it may improve or decline. These factors involve cognitive functions like attention, memory, and reasoning.

• Most psychologists today believe that our cognitions, i.e. our perceptions, memories, interpretations are essential ingredients of emotions.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer have proposed a two-factor theory in which emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
• They presumed that our experience of emotion grows from our awareness of our present arousal. They also believed that emotions are physiologically similar.

Therefore, Anger, Hunger, and fear are factors of cognition.

Article 30(1) enjoins that "all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice".

Defense mechanisms are learned and designed to tackle self-devaluation, anxiety, and hurt and operate automatically at habitual levels. They typically involve measures of self-deception and distortion. Defense mechanisms are usually exercised in combination instead of singly and quite often they are combined with task-oriented behavior. To a great extent, they are necessary to soften failure, alleviate anxiety and hurt, and protect feelings of significance adequacy, and worth. Normally, they are adjustive reactions but sometimes they seriously interfere with the effective resolution of stress. Defense mechanisms may feature in a negative or a positive form.

The socialization of a child is determind by sociometry techniques. Sociometric techniques are methods that qualitatively measure aspects of social interactions, such as social acceptance (i.e., how well a person is liked by peers) and social status (i.e., a child's social status compared to peers). 

In psychology, coping means to invest own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict. Revolution does not belong to the category of coping strategies.

While our society provides us with an ecosystem that is necessary for our survival. It also has some flaws embedded within itself that discriminate and hinders the growth of a few sections of the society. In our Indian society, it has been a prolonged stereotype that women have the primary responsibility of taking care of household and men are responsible for taking care of the financial stability and the hard work related to it.

Egocentrism can be defined as the child being the center of the world and everything revolves around him.
Egocentrism in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child.

All of these techniques can be used to motivate the students of a class.

Language development, according to Chomsky (1968), is the result of the child's genetic capability for language unfolding over time. Chomsky's (1976) model of language development attributed an innate understanding of fundamental rules that are activated by the language the child hears and account for the child's rapid and consistent development.

In this question, Baby Bhavya starts looking for her toys that her mother had hidden because Bhavya is aware of her toys even when they are not in front of her, that is, she has developed object permanence, Hence it is in pre-operational stage or pre-operational stage.
Object permanence means that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to create a mental representation of the object (i.e. a schema).

Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behaviour. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.

Failure is the state or conditioning of not meeting desirable goals and may be viewed as the opposite of success.
Cause of failure of students is:

• Lack of adequate practice.
• Student is unable to related or assimilate the information.
• Teaching through incorrect teaching methods.
• Not being compatible with the school environment.
• Students fail because teaching is done in a way that is meaningful to them.
• Because the school system does not take care of the needs and interests of the students.

​Hence, we can conclude that cause of failure of students is not to strive for assimilation.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive ability. 
In Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding' as it refers to a process through which:

• required assistance is given to children according to their individual needs.
• temporary support is imparted to the children to enhance their learning skills.
• individualized support is provided to children to increase their learning boundaries.

So, it could be concluded that in Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding'.

• Abstract thinking is the ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present. It is a great way to generate new ideas and gain new insights during any problem-solving process.
• Peer tutoring refers to the learning process where fellow students teach each other. In this strategy, a higher-performing student is paired with a lower-performing student to teach specific skills.
• Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses caused by related stimuli.

Greater learning would occur in educational settings if students used self-testing as a study strategy and were quizzed more frequently in class. But testing can have an opposite effect if it is done by a teacher as the students would do 'memorising for the test' rather than learning.

Child-centered education means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

• Providing education keeping in mind the interests and abilities of the child is called child-centered education.
• In child-centered education, evaluation can be used to find out how much the student has learned.
• In child-centered education, what the child has to learn should be judged according to the ability, interest, capacity, and previous experience of the child.
• If the students are judged based on their ability, interest, and experience, then the students will take interest in the assessment and try to give better responses.

Hence, we can conclude that in child-centered education, what the child has to learn should be judged according to the ability, interest, capacity, and previous experience of the child.

If a previously learned task impedes a new task, which is being learnt. This transfer of learning will be negative transfer.
Transfer of learning is the process of applying or carrying over the knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes or other responses from one learning situation, in which they were initially acquired, to a different learning situation. 
Negative Transfer-

• There are cases in which the previous learning interferes with subsequent learning.
• In such cases, the carryover of knowledge or experience in one task interferes with further learning.
• As a result of negative transfer, performance on one task may block performance on the subsequent task.
• For example, a child’s experience in learning the plural of ‘house’ may inhibit his/her learning the plural of the word ‘mouse’. He/She may spell the plural of the word ‘mouse’ as ‘mouses’, instead of ‘mice’.

Vygotsky on make-believe play and cognitive development:
Vygotsky viewed make-believe play as unique, broadly influential zone of proximal development in which children learn to act in accord with internal ideas rather than on impulse.

In the context of socio-cultural, psychologists proposed that human learning is largely a social process. Lev Vygotsky, a psychologist also proposed a theory that learning is developed through social interaction and plays an important role in the development of a learner's cognitive ability.​

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some objectives that can help teachers teach and students learn. As per him, there are three Domains of Learning:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember.
• Affective domains: When it comes to growth in emotional areas, this domain comes into play.
  • Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
  • Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli.
  • Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of a behaviour and commitment to it. One values certain behaviours not by desires but by commitment.
  • Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
  • Characterizing: It deals with behaviour as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork.
• Psychomotor domains: These domains are nothing but manual or physical skills. It deals with physical coordination, movements, and motor skills. It includes imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation, and naturalization.

Therefore, we conclude that the correct order is Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, Characterizing.

Provide scaffolding and other kinds of support during classroom activities and for homework. scaffolding refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process.

Emotional Development: It is one of major aspects of human development. Emotions like love, anger, fear, etc. play a great role in the development of a child’s personality. It can be expressed in various ways, like facial expressions on the face, like gestures, like volume and tone of speech, by the behavioral display or motives of a person. There is no moment in our life when we do not experience emotions. They can result from a variety of external or internal stimulations.

Urge for competence is likely to motivate students towards mastery learning. "Mastery" is a key characteristic of "competency-based learning" that allows learners to keep learning until they feel that they can demonstrate skills mastery.

Assessment plays a significant role in the teaching-learning process. Assessment of learning helps a teacher to design his/her teaching in a better way and to know the attainment level of learners in the subject content. Assessment for learning directly influences student learning by reinforcing the connections between assessment and instruction.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the most common learning disability.

Valentine called infancy the ideal time to learn.

• Human development is divided into different stages infancy, childhood (early and middle childhood), adolescence and adulthood.
• It refers to the first year or early period of a baby's development in which the baby grows rapidly after birth.
• This is a critical period of development in which the child learns to sit, crawl, stand etc.