Punjab Pre-Primary Teacher PS TET Paper 1: Child Development and Pedagogy

UNESCO is a United Nations' organization that uses education, culture and science as a medium to promote international collaboration and lead to peace and security in the world.

The sounds th, ph, ch are phonemes. The phoneme is the unit of sound.  A phoneme combines with other phonemes to give rise to meaningful words. Phonemes distinguish one word from another. These are established by the use of minimal pairs, such as pat vs bat or tap vs tab.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Phonemes.'

Children think that everything around them, including toys, is alive. This example points to a prominent characteristic of the preoperational stage called ‘animism’ by Piaget. It is a result of egocentric thinking and refers to the tendency of children to assign humanistic qualities to inanimate things.

• They believe that non-living things have desires and think, feel, and act like them.
• A logical consequence of animistic thinking is the strong emotional response towards non-living objects―talking to their toys, taking care of them, and expressing their feelings towards them. 

In the triarchic theory, three types of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg are: Analytical, Creative and Practical.

The response of a young child on the basis of the past situation is related to the 'Law of Analogy' of learning. 
The 'Law of Analogy' principle was developed by Edward Thorndike. According to him, an individual makes use of old experiences while learning a new situation. The way young child did he identified the similarities between the past situation and the present one.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Law of Analogy' of learning.

In psychology, individual differences refer to the extent and kind of variations or similarities among people on some of the important psychological aspects such as intelligence, personality, interest, and aptitude.

Theory of multiple intelligence was given by Howard Gardner and he proposed eight different intelligences to determine human potential.

The term used interchangeably with 'Motivation' is 'Need'. 
Motivation is a term that means the motive behind something. It means a person wants something, has a desire for something, wants to avoid something, and wants to escape from something. Having a desire for something is related to need. When we need something, then only a desire creates to have that thing.
Thus, this is the correct answer.

Children think that everything around them, including toys, is alive. This example points to a prominent characteristic of the preoperational stage called ‘animism’ by Piaget. It is a result of egocentric thinking and refers to the tendency of children to assign humanistic qualities to inanimate things.

• They believe that non-living things have desires and think, feel, and act like them.
• A logical consequence of animistic thinking is the strong emotional response towards non-living objects―talking to their toys, taking care of them, and expressing their feelings towards them.

School and classroom environment is the place where the child's 'cognitive' development is defined in the best way. Schooling has direct effects on children's educational achievement, their acquisition of literacy, numeracy and scientific knowledge. These basic skills provide the foundation for later "subjects" such as geography, physics and foreign languages.

In our life, we try to learn new things from our family first. Then when we come into society, that leads us to learn different things from different perspectives. Social development is when we learn or develop ourselves by practising or experiencing new things from society.
Hence, the correct answer is "Social development".

• In child development, sequencing refers to the consistent order in which certain developmental milestones or abilities are typically acquired. While the sequencing of development tends to follow a predictable pattern, the speed at which children reach these milestones can vary between individuals.
• Individual action refers to the actions and behaviors of an individual child. Each child develops at their own pace, influenced by factors such as genetics, environment, and individual characteristics. Some children may reach developmental milestones earlier or later than average, and the rate of development can vary across different areas, such as cognitive, motor, social, or emotional development.

The correct option among the given choices is Individual action.

Principle of continuity was given by Gottfried Leibnez, which states that 'Development is a never ending process'.

Grades and marks come in the category of analytic. When analysis of the performance of the students is done on the basis of grades and marks, it is more reliable and accurate than marks in terms of all possible potential of the students.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Analytic.'

Diversity in literary terms means differences. The term diversity, when used in discourse related to people or communities or in social contexts is more specific.

• Diversity is that a group of people is made up of individuals who are different from each other in some way or the other or it means collective differences among people, that is, those differences which mark off one group of people from another.
  For example, differences in culture, language, gender, appearance (e.g. skin color, hair type) lifestyle, social and economic status, family structure, abilities, (e.g. physical, social, creative, and intellectual), values, and beliefs.
• In the classroom, it is important that the children interact with each other to minimize the effects of differences with respect to gender, religion, class, caste etc.

 Therefore, it can be concluded that one way of minimizing the effects of diversity is to allow the children to Socialize with each other.

Factor 'g' is associated with intelligence. This factor was first proposed by Charles Spearman.

The definition of a talented and gifted child is widely varied. They may be extraordinary in the area of intellectual ability or in specific academic areas like dance, art, music, etc. Gifted children show a range of characteristics that often set them apart from their peers. But most of the schools overlook these gifted children. These children need support to excel further in their life. Most schools treat every child equally so that they forget to look after the giftedness of children.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Need support not ordinarily provided by the school'.

Questions are an aid in the learning process and hence questioning skill is one of the important teaching skills required to be developed to conduct a classroom session successfully by a teacher.

Critical pedagogy includes relationships between teaching and learning. Its proponents claim that it is a continuous process of what they call unlearning, learning, and relearning, reflection, evaluation, and the impact that these actions have on students. Critical pedagogy is a philosophy of education and social movement that combines education with critical theory. Paulo Freire was the first to describe it.
Freire endorses students' ability to think critically about their educational situation; this way of thinking allows them to recognize connections between their individual problems and experiences and the social contexts in which they are embedded.

The process of learning can take place everywhere. It is not limited to a particular place, it can take place in a formal setup or in the informal or non-formal setup. Non-formal setup does not require any curriculum, syllabus, etc whereas formal setup requires curriculum, syllabus, etc. Learnings in educational institutions are known as formal learning. Learning is a comprehensive, goal-oriented process.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Educational institutions are the only place where learning takes place.'

Assignments are the basis of academic and didactic interaction or communication between the distance learner and the distance teacher.

• Assignments enable the students to ensure that they have actually learned what they are expected to learn from their course materials.
• The actual teaching-learning takes place through assignments.
• The assignments, when handled properly, reinforce learning through quick communication and feedback from the teacher.
• The assignments provide for continuous assessment of learners.
• It is used to develop creativity among the students.
• Creativity involves thinking that aims at producing ideas or products that are relatively novel and that are, in some respect, compelling.
• They also provide an opportunity for the learner to improve himself in the light of the feedback as discussed earlier.
• Assignments support and facilitate student learning by enabling students to apply their knowledge and skills.

Thus, it is concluded that providing assignments may be used to develop creativity among the students.

Teaching regularly and effectively in a class by teachers develops an interest in students in studies and it prevents them from being absent from school. The teacher must make sure that the study material used in the class is interesting for the students, and that she is able to clearly convey the idea. The involvement of students is also a must to develop interest in studies, and hence reduce absenteeism in the class.

Grades and marks come in the category of analytic. When analysis of the performance of the students is done on the basis of grades and marks, it is more reliable and accurate than marks in terms of all possible potential of the students.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Analytic.'

Assessment is an inbuilt process in teaching-learning, teachers can understand the needs of the learners better and accordingly change or adjust the quality of their instruction during the process of teaching the unit itself.

A student always feels tense when he is unaware of things happening to him and happening around him. Mere words from someone on whom he relies upon can act wonders in such cases. The teacher must tell him that it is normal and is due to hormonal changes.

First generation learners are defined as students whose parent(s)/legal guardian(s) has/have not completed any formal schooling. This means that they are the first in their family to attend school. Generally, there is no one at home to encourage such children for self-studying. So, option 2 is the correct answer.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development.

• It emphasizes two-fold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner.
• It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

A documentary provides actual facts related to the topic. Thus, a documentary on water pollution is the most suitable way for teaching the topic.

If any teacher is involved in gender discrimination, then it may lead to diminished effort or performance of the students. Many times it happens that a teacher is biased towards a particular gender which includes he/she is giving more marks to either girls or boys. Not only this, even boys are getting more harsh punishments than girls even if they have done the same type of mistakes. All these decrease the morale of the other students. So, a teacher should not be partial on any grounds. 
Hence, the correct answer is, 'may lead to diminished effort or performance of the students.'

Assertion and reasoning type questions have one assertion (A) and one reason (R). We must first determine whether the statement is true. If the statement is true, we must next determine whether the reason correctly explains the assertion.