PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 3 (Science and Mathematics) - PS TET MCQ

The first stage in the formation of concepts is the observation of an event, object or an experience. This can also be called the stage of becoming aware. Example: The child can directly see a dog and become aware of it. (Sensation and Perception)
Repeated experiences or observations of different objects result in a tendency to form a general idea. Example: A child first sees one dog, then another dog, then a third and so on and begins to form the general idea of a dog. (Generalisation)
Along with generalisation and the observation and organisation of similarities among things and objects, the child also becomes aware of the differences between them. (Differentiation)
It is this type of sequential operation of generalisation and differentiation in interaction that leads to the formation of concepts.

A social group establishing a positive inclination to inclusivity while fostering a feeling of oneness and a sense of belongingness in each of the members of the pluralistic society. It is the diversity that brings in the advocacy for equity and justice for each of the diverse persons in a group irrespective of their abilities, disabilities, social status, religion, class, caste, and so on and so forth.
Disadvantaged Learner-

• The socially disadvantaged child is one who is from a socially and economically backward section of the community, who cannot profit from school because of deprivation of one sort or another. Such children show cumulative academic deficits, high dropout rate and progressive decline in intellectual functioning. 

Deprived Learner-

• The term 'underprivileged' refers to the disadvantaged section of people who are economically, socially and vocationally in an unfavourable situation compared to the rest of the population of the society. Thus it is a relative term. They are underprivileged in relation to the middle class or upper-class people of their society. Educationists and social scientists have used many other terms such as 'deprived', 'psycho-socially deprived' 'culturally deprived', 'socioeconomically deprived', 'locationally deprived', etc.

When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
These activities have the following characteristics to avoid boredom in the classroom:

• It allows vigorous physical activity as children are energetic. Keeping this in mind, plan play activities involving running, jumping, climbing, catching and throwing.
• During the day there should be some indoor and some outdoor play activities. Outdoor play is generally vigorous and indoor activities are usually quieter.
• There must be a balance between structured activities initiated by you and free play initiated by the children. For example, taking the children out on a trip or organizing activities around a particular theme are structured activities. 
• During the day you must organize both group and individual activities. The group activities will foster a spirit of cooperation and social skills, while the individual activities will give the child a chance to be alone and do something on her own, hence children are intelligent enough to do things by their own, and are capable of learning. 
• The schedule of activities should be at a reasonable pace throughout the day. This means that you should allow enough time to children. But it should not be too slow that children begin to repeat it after completing it, else it will make children bored.

By offering another child a toy, the child is enhancing his bond with that child which is social development and by making him stop crying, child displays his emotional skills which is emotional development.

Howard Gardener is a psychologist who believed that Intelligence is not based on a single ability.
He gave a theory based on multiple intelligence.

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc. Cognition is the process of acquiring knowledge through experiences and senses. 
Cognition describes how mental processes i.e. learning, remembering, problem-solving, and thinking develop from birth until adulthood. Understanding cognitive development is useful in determining the kind of thinking children are capable of at different age levels.

• The relationship between cognition and emotion has fascinated important thinkers within the intellectual tradition. Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development in a child is the development of an integrated and holistic fashion.
• Cognition is closely intertwined with emotions and language. Mind states are powerful determinants of one’s current judgments and decision-making, which often effect once performance outcome in a task both in social and non-social contexts.
• Emotions or emotional approach is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a different situation.
• The relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional - a dynamic interplay.
• Emotions are experienced as positive feelings, negative feelings, and undesired reactions to any stressful situation, these often impact decision making i.e. cognition.
• The Emotional Approach involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to better deal with stressful situations.

So, the relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional i.e. a dynamic interplay between both cognition and emotions.

The brain learns best and most efficiently when making connections and associations between new information and knowledge already processed and understood. The teachers must help the students learn by providing opportunities to relate new ideas or techniques to knowledge they have already mastered.
Hence, presenting disconnected chunks of knowledge would make it difficult for the learners to gain conceptual understanding, as the students are not able to make connections to the new information.

Role of Heredity and Environment in growth and development: Heredity and environment are closely interrelated and each human being at birth has a gene determined physical, mental, and biochemical potential. This potential may not be reached because of environmental influences. Stimulation to the development of innate abilities comes from the environment. Environment influences this potential only to a limited extent favorably or unfavorably.

A child belonging to a high-class family generally has a pool of information about new technologies but a mediocre child probably has a gist of the information. Personal factor affecting learning showed by the statement.
Any one of several internal, external, or unknown factors can influence learning. In this section, a classification of the factors influencing learning has been made under the broad headings physiological, personal, socio-emotional, and educational factors.

Limitation is not a learning method because if there will be limitation in any of the learning process, one cannot grow.

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.​ Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Cognitive development aims to study a child's development, especially information processing, conceptual processing, perceptual skills, language learning, and other aspects related to brain development. The process of striking a balance between adjustment and assimilation. Whereas on the other hand adaptation (a relatively stable structure) occurs when the child strikes a balance between the two processes while trying to internalize the perceived processes.

If teacher will ask the students to do right things, then only the students will achieve the right result which is most important.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Progressive education focuses on learning that is both experiential and collaborative.
Some of the progressive educations qualities are:-

• Emphasis on learning by doing
• Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units
• Strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking
• Group work and development of social skills
• Collaborative and cooperative learning projects
• Education for social responsibility and democracy
• Emphasis of lifelong process and social skills

Part of the importance of emotion in education is that it is tied to cognition. Demetriou and Wilson (2008) tell us that "emotional development is inextricably intertwined with our acquisition of knowledge".

A teaching approach refers to the ideologies that are followed during the teaching-learning process in the classroom. The different aspects of a classroom include the students, teacher, and subject matter so the teaching approaches are based upon these different aspects of the classroom.

Individuals who have the ability to understand the motives, feelings and behaviours of others to bond with them are high on interpersonal Intelligence in Howard Gardner’s theory.
Interpersonal intelligence: In this type of intelligence people have the ability to understand others' feelings, wishes, expectations, and needs & others' behavior.
These people have better social communication skills and have the ability to relate well with others and manage relationships.
Thus, people having interpersonal intelligence have the ability to interact with others in society.

Developmental perspective requires teachers to adapt instructional strategies based on the knowledge of developmental factors. Not all students are alike – they differ in their strengths, needs and abilities. Understanding how students learn informs the teachers and strengthens their ability to select specific instructional strategies and tactics for struggling learners. In turn, there is an increase in students' academic achievement and this also engages and motivates students.

FLN is Foundational Literacy and Numeracy which is a scheme launched by the Ministry of education under the Nipun Bharat vision of NEP 2020

Individual difference: Every child is unique and different from others. It should be kept in mind that learners possess different abilities, and personalities, and belong to different backgrounds. The stimulus needs of every learner will be different. Teaching has to be done keeping in mind the individual differences and problems arising out of it.
The teacher should take care of the below points:

• As per the need of the students, the teaching method can vary.
• Generally confused with discrimination, ability grouping is a measure in which students of similar traits are grouped so that the teacher can choose a compatible teaching method.
• Keeping in mind the child-centered education as proposed by the NCF, adjusting the curriculum is no exception because it is the child who has the freedom to choose what he wants to learn.
• The pace of learning should not be a matter of concern for a teacher as every child has his pace and more than results, the attempt to learn is important.

It should be noted that, though self-study improves knowledge, it should not be done simultaneously when the teacher’s responsibility is to teach children.
So, we conclude that for a teacher, leaving children for self-study is not recommended

All of the above given methods can be used to study the behaviour of the learners. Observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves studying the spontaneous behaviour of participants in natural surroundings.
In the interview method, there is a direct face-to-face contact between the investigator and the subject. Through this method, the interviewer collects information about the subject by asking questions. The inner feelings of the subject become known to the investigator.
The experimental method is one of the most important and objective methods of psychology. Through this method, attempts are made to establish cause and effect relationships through carefully planned and controlled observation of the subject's behaviour.

The constructivist frame/perspective is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge.

Urge for competence is likely to motivate students towards mastery learning. "Mastery" is a key characteristic of "competency-based learning" that allows learners to keep learning until they feel that they can demonstrate skills mastery.

'Socialisation' is a process by which children and adults learn from society that includes family, peers as well as school.

The sociocultural context refers to a person's social and cultural milieu in which he lives at a certain time period.

• Socio-cultural context includes race, class, ability, different learning conditions and styles, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, nationality and other dimensions that make up the identity of the individual student and impact his or her learning experience.
• Social institutions and systems develop through history, culture, and heritage. The caste system, the joint family system, child marriage, sati, and the patriarchal family are all examples of social institutions and systems.

In concrete operational stage, the child responds to inferred reality. Children are much less egocentric in the concrete operational stage. It falls between the ages of 7 to 11 years old and is marked by more logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. The main goal at this stage is for a child to start working things out inside their head.

By offering another child a toy, the child is enhancing his bond with that child which is social development and by making him stop crying, child displays his emotional skills which is emotional development.

Howard Gardener is a psychologist who believed that Intelligence is not based on a single ability.
He gave a theory based on multiple intelligence.

When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
These activities have the following characteristics to avoid boredom in the classroom:

• It allows vigorous physical activity as children are energetic. Keeping this in mind, plan play activities involving running, jumping, climbing, catching and throwing.
• During the day there should be some indoor and some outdoor play activities. Outdoor play is generally vigorous and indoor activities are usually quieter.
• There must be a balance between structured activities initiated by you and free play initiated by the children. For example, taking the children out on a trip or organizing activities around a particular theme are structured activities. 
• During the day you must organize both group and individual activities. The group activities will foster a spirit of cooperation and social skills, while the individual activities will give the child a chance to be alone and do something on her own, hence children are intelligent enough to do things by their own, and are capable of learning. 
• The schedule of activities should be at a reasonable pace throughout the day. This means that you should allow enough time to children. But it should not be too slow that children begin to repeat it after completing it, else it will make children bored.