PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 10 (Science and Mathematics) - PS TET MCQ

Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. Both of these are the examples of evaluation.

Learning disabilities are disorders that affect brain functioning of understanding, reading, writing, spelling, reasoning or recalling ability. Learning disabilities can also cause problems in learning skills, language skills, mathematical operations, and coordinating movements. Learning disabilities are continual and can cause continual lifelong challenges. Children with learning abilities often have average or above-average intelligence. Learning Disabilities are not contagious. Learning Disabilities are due to genetic or neurobiological factors which affect cognitive processes related to learning. Learning Disabilities can run in those whose paternal relatives have such problems (genetic), but environmental factors can also play an important role.

Socialization is the process where the child learns to associate and relate with others. It refers to the process which transforms a quite helpless human infant into a self-aware, knowledgeable person who is skilled in the ways of their society’s culture. 

According to Piaget's theory of learning, teachers can ask whether the syllabus subjects are suitable for the level of students or not (i.e. keeping in mind the needs of each and every student).

The cognitive process among the options you provided is "thinking." Thinking refers to the mental process of generating thoughts, ideas, and concepts through perception, reasoning, and memory. It involves various cognitive activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, imagination, and planning. Playing and running, on the other hand, are physical activities, while retrograde actions do not describe a specific cognitive process.

Learning is an active process, transferable, measurable and goal-oriented. It is the desired change or modification of behaviour attained through experience and environment. It is both a formal and informal process, it is universal and continuous. From birth, every child should have access to high-quality learning opportunities for language, literacy and mathematics. These should be available in all early years settings, including the home, and facilitated by parents.

• Psychological Factors: Psychological factors are unique or specific to the individuals engaged in the process of learning. Thorough knowledge and understanding of these factors are very essential for the teachers and parents in providing and guiding learning among the children.
  • Intelligence
  • Motivation
  • Maturation for Readiness to Learn
  • Emotions
  • Interests
  • Attitudes
  • Self-Concept
  • Learning Styles
• Socio-Cultural (Environmental) Factors Influencing Learning: The socio-cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. For our own understanding, we can subdivide socio-cultural factors into a) family, b) neighbourhood and community; and c) socio-cultural diversities like caste, class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Also, since, socio-culture factors are affecting learning, so does economic factor, because, suppose, a poor boy may not have access to online learning while a rich boy may have.
• School-Related Factors Influencing Learning: Learning is also assumed to be greatly influenced by the school and the school environment in which students are imparted with different types of learning experiences. The term ‘school environment’ encompasses the terms ‘school culture’ and ‘school climate’ that affect the behaviour of teachers and students.
• Teaching-Learning Processes Related Factors Influencing Learning: It includes methods of learning and the influence of media on learning.

So, we conclude that all the facts influence student difficulty in learning.

Article 30(1) enjoins that "all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice".

Defense mechanisms are learned and designed to tackle self-devaluation, anxiety, and hurt and operate automatically at habitual levels. They typically involve measures of self-deception and distortion. Defense mechanisms are usually exercised in combination instead of singly and quite often they are combined with task-oriented behavior. To a great extent, they are necessary to soften failure, alleviate anxiety and hurt, and protect feelings of significance adequacy, and worth. Normally, they are adjustive reactions but sometimes they seriously interfere with the effective resolution of stress. Defense mechanisms may feature in a negative or a positive form.

Special needs education is the type of education given to persons with disabilities.
Special education is individualized education for children with special needs. Special education means, Specially designed instruction, to meet the unique needs of a child with special needs including instructions conducted in the classrooms, in the home, in hospital, and institutions and in other settings and instruction in physical education.

In psychology, coping means to invest own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict. Revolution does not belong to the category of coping strategies.

While our society provides us with an ecosystem that is necessary for our survival. It also has some flaws embedded within itself that discriminate and hinders the growth of a few sections of the society. In our Indian society, it has been a prolonged stereotype that women have the primary responsibility of taking care of household and men are responsible for taking care of the financial stability and the hard work related to it.

The field theory of learning in children, in which the learner perceives and responds to the whole situation, comes under Kohler's theory of understanding.
The associative theory of learning in children is described on the basis of stimulus response. In this, a relationship is established between the stimulus response. It is also called stimulus response or S-R principle.

All of these techniques can be used to motivate the students of a class.

Language development, according to Chomsky (1968), is the result of the child's genetic capability for language unfolding over time. Chomsky's (1976) model of language development attributed an innate understanding of fundamental rules that are activated by the language the child hears and account for the child's rapid and consistent development.

According to Aristotle Emotional catharsis is bringing out emotional repression.
Aristotle describes the catharsis as the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. The concept is linked to the positive social function of tragedy by Aristotle. Catharsis is the process of venting aggression as a way to release or get rid of emotions in general terms.

Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behaviour. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.

Failure is the state or conditioning of not meeting desirable goals and may be viewed as the opposite of success.

Retreat is not considered as a factor of cognition.
Cognitive factors refer to characteristics of the person that affect performance and learning. These factors serve to modulate performance such that it may improve or decline. These factors involve cognitive functions like attention, memory, and reasoning.

• Most psychologists today believe that our cognitions, i.e. our perceptions, memories, interpretations are essential ingredients of emotions.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer have proposed a two-factor theory in which emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
• They presumed that our experience of emotion grows from our awareness of our present arousal. They also believed that emotions are physiologically similar.

Therefore, Anger, Hunger, and fear are factors of cognition.

Greater learning would occur in educational settings if students used self-testing as a study strategy and were quizzed more frequently in class. But testing can have an opposite effect if it is done by a teacher as the students would do 'memorising for the test' rather than learning.

Child-centered education means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is the ability possessed by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.
Creativity is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach. It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful and includes brainstorming and out-of-the-box thinking in it

• Creative children are those who show high-performance capability in several areas such as artistic and creative work, leadership quality, keen power of observation, etc.
• These children have divergent thinking and are very curious in nature that's why sometimes the classroom seems monotonous to them because they grab things fastly than of their age-peers.

Trait (ability) of a creative child:

• Elaboration
• Abstracting ability
• Fluency & Flexibility
• Originality & Novelty
• Sensitivity of problems

Characteristics of Creative Children:

• Perceive relation between impossible things.
• Curious, extrovert, and ambitious in nature.
• Think quickly and solve problems in a novel way.
• Convert imaginative and original ideas into reality.
• Use divergent and out-of-the-box thinking in different situations.
• Try new things and risk failure in executing innovative ideas.

Accuracy refers to the ability to do anything without making any mistakes. it is the state of being precise and accurate. It is not necessary that every time the creative child will be accurate as it is natural for them also to make mistakes.
So, it could be concluded that 'Accuracy' is not a trait (ability) of a creative child.

Vygotsky on make-believe play and cognitive development:
Vygotsky viewed make-believe play as unique, broadly influential zone of proximal development in which children learn to act in accord with internal ideas rather than on impulse.

In the context of socio-cultural, psychologists proposed that human learning is largely a social process. Lev Vygotsky, a psychologist also proposed a theory that learning is developed through social interaction and plays an important role in the development of a learner's cognitive ability.​

In pre-childhood, the tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
Pre-childhood covers the period from 2 to 6 years. It is also known as the preschool stage. The characteristics of pre-childhood are:

• Some parents feel that behavioral problems of the childhood period are more troublesome than physical care of infants.
• Some behavioral problems occur during this period such as obstinacy, stubbornness, disobedience, and antagonistic.
• It is a toy age because most of the time children are engaged with their toys. These toys are also helpful to educate the children. Toys are an important element of their play activities.
• The tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
• This is a period when a child is considered physically and mentally independent. This is also a school-going age.
• Children become more self-sufficient, and independent, and develop self-esteem.
• This is the age of foundations of social behavior. They are a more organized social life they will be required to adjust to when they enter first grade.
• Develop physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Provide scaffolding and other kinds of support during classroom activities and for homework. scaffolding refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process.

Emotional Development: It is one of major aspects of human development. Emotions like love, anger, fear, etc. play a great role in the development of a child’s personality. It can be expressed in various ways, like facial expressions on the face, like gestures, like volume and tone of speech, by the behavioral display or motives of a person. There is no moment in our life when we do not experience emotions. They can result from a variety of external or internal stimulations.

Eight Intellectual Levels or Eight Conditions of Learning:

• Signal learning: The learner makes a general response to a signal.
• Stimulus-response learning: The learner makes a precise response to a signal.
• Chaining: The connection of a set of individual stimulus and responses in a sequence.
• Verbal association: The learner makes associations using verbal connections.
• Discrimination Learning: The learner makes different responses to different stimuli that are somewhat alike.
• Concept learning: The learner develops the ability to make a generalized response based on a class of stimuli.
• Rule learning: A rule is a chain of concepts linked to demonstrated behaviour.
• Problem-solving: The learner discovers a combination of previously learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that proper prerequisites are not a type of learning according to Gagne’s Theory of Learning.

According to Piaget's theory of learning, teachers can ask whether the syllabus subjects are suitable for the level of students or not (i.e. keeping in mind the needs of each and every student).

The cognitive process among the options you provided is "thinking." Thinking refers to the mental process of generating thoughts, ideas, and concepts through perception, reasoning, and memory. It involves various cognitive activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, imagination, and planning. Playing and running, on the other hand, are physical activities, while retrograde actions do not describe a specific cognitive process.

Retreat is not considered as a factor of cognition.
Cognitive factors refer to characteristics of the person that affect performance and learning. These factors serve to modulate performance such that it may improve or decline. These factors involve cognitive functions like attention, memory, and reasoning.

• Most psychologists today believe that our cognitions, i.e. our perceptions, memories, interpretations are essential ingredients of emotions.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer have proposed a two-factor theory in which emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
• They presumed that our experience of emotion grows from our awareness of our present arousal. They also believed that emotions are physiologically similar.

Therefore, Anger, Hunger, and fear are factors of cognition.