PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 2 (Social Science) - PS TET MCQ

The best way to increase the chances of learning disabled students to lead a full and productive life is by teaching a variety of skills and strategies that can be applied across a range of contexts. Concepts are learned best when they are encountered in a variety of contexts and expressed in a variety of ways, for that ensures that there are more opportunities for them to become imbedded in a student's knowledge system.

Gender sensitivity about school curriculum offerings is gaining global attention and concern because of the growing interest in equalizing access to education for the child irrespective of differences in sex structure. 

The active participation and involvement of children play a very vital role in learning and shaping the personality of a child. 
A child-centered method is one that gives primacy to children's experiences and needs and provides ample opportunities for the children.

• While investigating the problems, it is often found that children break the problem into parts and analyze it, then they try solving the parts logically, this critical thinking shapes the child to be Scientific Investigators.
• When a child is encouraged to be self-dependent, it helps in developing thoughts and rationality in them and they try multiple ways to find a solution, and doing this multiple times helps them evolve as a Problem Solver.
• Children are Active Explorers of the environment as they are excited to learn about what is this, why it is here, how it is working, etc. They ask many questions about objects and situations in their surroundings.

So, the statements about children emphasizing to be Scientific Investigators, Problem Solver, and Active Explorers of the environment are correct.

Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behaviour arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically rewarding. Thus, extrinsic rewards are not at all needed.

Inclusive education ensures that children with special needs are taught in regular schools with their age and grade peers with support services provided within the school system. Thus, it reflects the objective of providing quality education to all children by accommodating their needs and learning styles into the general curriculum.

The stage of creative problem solving in which the individuals do not give attention to the problem is incubation.
Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

• Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences, and investigating in all possible directions.
• Incubation: It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem. In this stage, individuals forget irrelevant information or unsuccessful attempts and engage with the task effectively.
• Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
• Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

A student has the habit of writing with his right hand. Due to loss of his right hand in an accident, he uses his left hand for writing. It is an example of bilateral transfer. Bilateral transfer is an aspect of the transfer of learning and is the transfer of learning or performance from one side of the body after training to the other. So, for example, after training a task with the right hand, there is an improvement in left-handed performance.

Howard Gardner, an American psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was "one form of cognition which cuts across all human thinking." There are multiple intelligences with autonomous intelligence capacities. " So, intelligence cannot be viewed as a single entity.

• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence, which later on he increased to nine. Thus, Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligences; hence, we cannot say that one is more intelligent and another is less intelligent.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process that starts from the pre-natal stage.
In the pre-natal stage, baby develops inside the mother's womb and becomes a mature one by passing through three different stages of prenatal development.
The three stages of pre-natal development include:

• Germinal period: First 2 weeks after conception.
• Embryonic period: 8 weeks from conception.
• Fetal Period: 9 weeks until birth or 38 to 40 weeks.

Hence it could be concluded that development starts from the pre-natal stage.​

Gender parity is a numerical concept related to gender equality. Gender parity concerns relative equality in terms of numbers and proportions of women and men, girls and boys, and is often calculated as the ratio of female-to-male values for a given indicator.

Socialization may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values, and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts. 

The zone of potential development is the upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual. It can be understood as the difference/gap between the actual developmental level and potential developmental level (the upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual) that can be identified while a child is working on a problem.

The suitable leadership style for a teacher for creation of a non-threatening learning environment in the classroom would be democratic because it means relating to or supporting others to make them learn and creating a non-threatening learning environment.

Adolescence marks an important time in the process of human development, the passage between childhood and adulthood. It is a time of tremendous opportunity and promises when adolescents begin to explore their growing individuality and independence and begin to think critically about themselves and the world around them.

A lesson plan is the teacher's guide for running a particular lesson. A lesson plan is a teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction or "learning trajectory" for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, the subject being covered, and the needs of the students. There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal, how the goal will be reached, and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached.

While handling students with special needs, use simple commands with as few words as possible, having the child then carry out that instruction.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.
Belief in the capability and potential of every child is central to the concept of progressive education as it promotes: 

• emphasizes to enhance skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.
• promotes 'learning by doing' to make children self-reliant and productive to use their knowledge and talents effectively.
• ensures the active participation of students by working in a group and applying practical knowledge to complete an activity.

So, it could be concluded that belief in the capability and potential of every child is central to the concept of progressive education.

CBSE has prescribed group activities for students in place of activities for individual students. The idea behind doing so could be to overcome the negative emotional response to individual competition which may generalise across learning.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in personality (including cognitive, affective, attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and experiential) and reflects a change in performance usually brought about by practice although it may arise from insight or other factors, including memory.

Teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.
Gender refers to the socially and culturally constructed system that attributes meaning to what it means to be a male or a female in a particular society.
Gender bias in teaching leads to differential learning experiences, even though the girls and boys of a class sit in the same classroom and attended by the same teacher.

• It refers to the belief when someone prioritize one gender more than the other one.
• The result of the research studies about teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.

'Enriched programme' can be used as it is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children. An enrichment programme teaches additional related material to the student through the standard curriculum, faster than the normal.

The Achievement motivation theory narrates personal individualities and circumstantial to a need for achievement and the allied competitive drive to meet standards of excellence. Achievement Motivation Theory (AMT) clarifies the affiliation between an individual’s appearances and his/her need to accomplish roughly in life. In doing so, it also takes into account the kind of reasonable drive a person has to achieve set goals.

Childhood refers to the period of the human lifespan, ranging from birth to puberty. It consists of many developmental stages and 'adolescence' is one of them.
'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It a stage which lies between the age of '12 to 19 years'.
According to Stanley Hall:

• Adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
• The time period of transition from childhood and adolescence is of great stress.
• Adolescence fails to think clearly and it creates great frustration and stress in their lives.

So, it could be concluded that "Adolescence is the period of great stress, strain, storm and strike" is the statement of Stanley Hall.

Educational television is an example of media that transports learners to remote places by means of visualised reports. Educational television is the use of television programs in the field of distance education.

Language learning is an active process that begins at birth and continues throughout life. Students learn the language as they use it to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, establish relationships with family members and friends.

Gender Bias is behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over another. Gender bias occurs when we make assumptions regarding the behaviors, abilities, or preferences of students based upon their gender. Therefore, During classroom discussions, when the teacher pays attention to boys only rather than girls. This shows the scenario of gender biaseness.

Freud believed that unconscious sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences cause most personality disturbances. According to him, early years shape the personality of a person.

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was the most well-known and influential theorist of cognitive development.

• In his theory of cognitive development, he discussed about the four distinct universal stages, each characterized by increasingly sophisticated and abstract levels of thoughts which always occur in the same order and each build on what has been learned in the previous stage.
• These stages are the sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage.

If the teacher comes to know that a student is absent in the class, in such a case, instead of expelling/punishing/preventing him/her from attending the class, the teacher should know the reason for his/her negligence and find out the appropriate remedy.
Improving Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management

• Provide teacher candidates with instructional approaches for classroom management through coursework and guided practice with feedback, and
• Address the challenges facing teacher candidates and new teachers in creating a positive classroom context