PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 3 (Social Science) - PS TET MCQ

The first stage in the formation of concepts is the observation of an event, object or an experience. This can also be called the stage of becoming aware. Example: The child can directly see a dog and become aware of it. (Sensation and Perception)
Repeated experiences or observations of different objects result in a tendency to form a general idea. Example: A child first sees one dog, then another dog, then a third and so on and begins to form the general idea of a dog. (Generalisation)
Along with generalisation and the observation and organisation of similarities among things and objects, the child also becomes aware of the differences between them. (Differentiation)
It is this type of sequential operation of generalisation and differentiation in interaction that leads to the formation of concepts.

Disadvantaged Learner-

• The socially disadvantaged child is one who is from a socially and economically backward section of the community, who cannot profit from school because of deprivation of one sort or another. Such children show cumulative academic deficits, high dropout rate, and progressive decline in intellectual functioning. 

Deprived Learner-

• The term 'underprivileged' refers to the disadvantaged section of people who are economically, socially, and vocationally in an unfavorable situation compared to the rest of the population of society. Thus it is a relative term. They are underprivileged in relation to the middle-class or upper-class people of their society. 

Learning is a process by which the individual acquires various habits, knowledge, and attitude that are necessary to meet the demands of life in general. There are different factors that affect learning.
These include learner-centered factors like motivation, needs, self-concept, interests, goals, level of aspiration, etc., teacher and task-related factors such as teaching style, classroom ethos, transactional skills, and methodology, etc., and environmental factors such as the physical and psychological structures in which learning occurs.
Ashok is very fond of playing cricket and he is very good at it too. He is the captain of his college team. He spends long hours playing or watching cricket and never gets tired or bored. Motivation and personal factors is affecting learning in this example.

• Ashok is intrinsically motivated i.e. he derives internal satisfaction from the game. Intrinsic motivation is closely related to one's need for self-fulfillment, and achievement.
• These needs impel us to become better by learning more, interacting with our environment, and developing ourselves.
• Learning is most effective when there is intrinsic motivation - a desire to learn from within, which finds satisfaction in the achievement itself and does not bother about other factors.

Thus, it is concluded motivation is the personal factor that affects learning in the given an example.
Maturation: A one-year-old cannot be made to write and a three months old child cannot walk. Unless the learner has 'matured' optimally, he cannot learn. In order for learning to take place, physical, intellectual, and socio-emotional maturation is essential. Also, individual variations in the process of maturation should be acknowledged and appropriately dealt with.
Self-concept: Self-concept is very important in matters of learning because it influences individual differences in learners, in their, learning orientations, cognitive styles, and the self-learning strategies which they use.
Level of aspiration: This refers to the extent to which an individual wish to strive to achieve. It emanates from the targets, goals, and ambitions that individuals construct for themselves.

By offering another child a toy, the child is enhancing his bond with that child which is social development and by making him stop crying, child displays his emotional skills which is emotional development.

Howard Gardener is a psychologist who believed that Intelligence is not based on a single ability.
He gave a theory based on multiple intelligence.

When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
These activities have the following characteristics to avoid boredom in the classroom:

• It allows vigorous physical activity as children are energetic. Keeping this in mind, plan play activities involving running, jumping, climbing, catching and throwing.
• During the day there should be some indoor and some outdoor play activities. Outdoor play is generally vigorous and indoor activities are usually quieter.
• There must be a balance between structured activities initiated by you and free play initiated by the children. For example, taking the children out on a trip or organizing activities around a particular theme are structured activities. 
• During the day you must organize both group and individual activities. The group activities will foster a spirit of cooperation and social skills, while the individual activities will give the child a chance to be alone and do something on her own, hence children are intelligent enough to do things by their own, and are capable of learning. 
• The schedule of activities should be at a reasonable pace throughout the day. This means that you should allow enough time to children. But it should not be too slow that children begin to repeat it after completing it, else it will make children bored.

The brain learns best and most efficiently when making connections and associations between new information and knowledge already processed and understood. The teachers must help the students learn by providing opportunities to relate new ideas or techniques to knowledge they have already mastered.
Hence, presenting disconnected chunks of knowledge would make it difficult for the learners to gain conceptual understanding, as the students are not able to make connections to the new information.

Role of Heredity and Environment in growth and development: Heredity and environment are closely interrelated and each human being at birth has a gene determined physical, mental, and biochemical potential. This potential may not be reached because of environmental influences. Stimulation to the development of innate abilities comes from the environment. Environment influences this potential only to a limited extent favorably or unfavorably.

On the basis of the classical contract theory of learning, feelings of fear, love and hatred can be easily generated in the child. In classical contract theory, an association is established between the stimulus response. Before understanding classical conditioning, it is necessary to know that there are other functions in human beings, some are innate like breathing, digestion etc and some are for psychological reasons like blinking, salivation etc.

Limitation is not a learning method because if there will be limitation in any of the learning process, one cannot grow.

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.​ Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Inclusive Education: It is concerned with the learning and participation of all students vulnerable to exclusionary pressures not only those with impairments or those who are categorised ‘having special educational needs’. Inclusion is all about embracing all.

If teacher will ask the students to do right things, then only the students will achieve the right result which is most important.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

In a diverse classroom, a teacher's responsibility is to provide varieties of learning experiences. In a child-centered approach, a child learns better from experiences. So, providing varieties of learning experiences will result in active learning in which students take initiative to learn new things.

Part of the importance of emotion in education is that it is tied to cognition. Demetriou and Wilson (2008) tell us that "emotional development is inextricably intertwined with our acquisition of knowledge".

A teaching approach refers to the ideologies that are followed during the teaching-learning process in the classroom. The different aspects of a classroom include the students, teacher, and subject matter so the teaching approaches are based upon these different aspects of the classroom.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, commonly known as 'CCE', was introduced as a school-based evaluation system by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

• Continuous and comprehensive Evaluation mainly aims at promoting Inclusive education. 
• CCE can be incorporated in the inclusive classroom while engaging in teaching through a variety of activities.
• Incorporating strategies for attending to diverse needs in classrooms would be particularly useful in developing CCE processes for the classroom.

Aims of CCE:

• Emphasizing continuity and regularity of assessment.
• Assessing both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth.
• Emphasize the thought process and de-emphasize memorization as CCE includes all aspects of students' development.
• Recording the methods of learning to make the required improvements.
• Making evaluation an integral part of learning through diagnostic and remedial teaching.
• Evaluating children comprehensively rather than focus only on cognitive or intellectual functioning. 
• Ensuring all-around development of students including cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains.
• Evaluate every aspect of the child during their presence at the school.
• Developing a student's cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains.
• Assessing both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth.
• Evaluation of the interest of the child during their presence at the school.
• Observing and recording the methods of learning to make improvements.

So, we can conclude that Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation mainly aims at promoting Inclusive education.

Developmental perspective requires teachers to adapt instructional strategies based on the knowledge of developmental factors. Not all students are alike – they differ in their strengths, needs and abilities. Understanding how students learn informs the teachers and strengthens their ability to select specific instructional strategies and tactics for struggling learners. In turn, there is an increase in students' academic achievement and this also engages and motivates students.

FLN is Foundational Literacy and Numeracy which is a scheme launched by the Ministry of education under the Nipun Bharat vision of NEP 2020.

The evaluation in which the evaluation is done by the one who teaches students is internal.
An internal evaluation is done by someone who knows the subject taught. It is usually the class teacher. The criterion is that the evaluator knows what has been taught and how it has been taught. All other types of evaluation are external evaluations.

All of the above given methods can be used to study the behaviour of the learners.
Observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves studying the spontaneous behaviour of participants in natural surroundings.
In the interview method, there is a direct face-to-face contact between the investigator and the subject. Through this method, the interviewer collects information about the subject by asking questions. The inner feelings of the subject become known to the investigator.
The experimental method is one of the most important and objective methods of psychology. Through this method, attempts are made to establish cause and effect relationships through carefully planned and controlled observation of the subject's behaviour.

The constructivist frame/perspective is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge.

In childhood, physiological development follows the cephalocaudal sequence. their growth occurs from head to extreme parts.
In adolescents, their body size will increase, with the feet, arms, legs, and hands sometimes growing “faster” than the rest of the body. it does not follow the cephalocaudal sequence.
So, growth in adolescents is reverse of that in childhood because in adolescents hands feet and legs accelerate first than other parts.

'Socialisation' is a process by which children and adults learn from society that includes family, peers as well as school.

The sociocultural context refers to a person's social and cultural milieu in which he lives at a certain time period.

• Socio-cultural context includes race, class, ability, different learning conditions and styles, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, nationality and other dimensions that make up the identity of the individual student and impact his or her learning experience.
• Social institutions and systems develop through history, culture, and heritage. The caste system, the joint family system, child marriage, sati, and the patriarchal family are all examples of social institutions and systems.

By individual differences, we mean physical and behavioural variations, seen in all species including human beings. Some of us are tall, some short, some bright and some are dull.  Some of the instructional strategies are discussed below-

• The methods of teaching should be in keeping with the needs of the individuals.
• The curriculum should be organized and made flexible as per the needs and requirements of the individual.
• Instruction should aim at the development of the student's cognitive process beyond the attainment of information alone. 
• In a heterogeneous classroom situation, you can organize instruction based on ability grouping where students are grouped according to the level of their ability, and instruction is modified as stated above to suit the level of their ability.
• The methods of teaching should be in keeping with the needs of the individuals.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition in which a person has trouble paying attention and focusing on tasks, tends to act without thinking, and has trouble sitting still. It may begin in early childhood and can continue into adulthood. Reducing the time allotted to complete an assignment to make it coincide with time of attention and increasing this time in a phased manner will be best suited to deal with ADHD children.

A good educational institution is one in which every student feels welcomed and cared for, where a safe and stimulating learning environment exists, where a wide range of learning experiences are offered, and where good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources conducive to learning are available to all students.

According to the Right to Education Act 2009, the school management committee is prepared. This committee monitors the utilization of grants, prepares the school development plan, and monitors the working of schools. School management committees have 50% women members from the disadvantaged groups of the community.