Test: Education & Leadership (Growth and Development - II) - Software Development MCQ

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.

• Development is a continuous process from the womb to the tomb and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth.
• The rate of development is not uniform and everyone has their own particular rate of development. It is a wide and complex process, thus there are some principles that need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

Key Points

Characteristic/Principles of development include:

• Development is cumulative.
• Development is Specific and predictable.
• Development is the process of interaction.
• Development follows uniformity of pattern.
• Development proceeds from general to specific.
• Development rate varies from person to person.
• Development is directional, predictable and sequential.

Hence, it could be concluded that Development is uncontrolled and independent is not a characteristic of development as development is dependent on a few factors such as maturation, learning, etc.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual cases but the sequence of development patterns is almost the same in all children. Thus human development is based on certain principles.

Key Points

Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot direction and the second is from near to distant  (center of the body to the peripheral).

Sequential pattern of development can be seen in two directions:

• Cephalo-caudal sequence: It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot, i.e. individual begins to grow from the head region downwards.
• For example, The child first gains control on her head, then she could catch hold of objects, sit, crawl, and later she could stand and walk.
• Proximodistal sequence: It means that the development proceeds from the central part of the body towards the peripheries. In this sequence, the spinal cord of the individual develops first, and then outward development takes place.
• For example, babies cut their front teeth before they cut their side ones. Functionally, the child could use her arms before her hands and use her hands before she could control the movement of her fingers.

Thus, it is concluded that the Cephalo-caudal principle states that development proceeds directionally from head to foot.

Development, which is continuous change is a phenomenon which is observed both in terms of quality and quantity. Principles of Human Development defines in what way a person will develop. 

Key Points There are many principles of development as described below:

• Development follows a pattern: Prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) development of human beings follow a pattern or a general sequence. Physical development, motor or language development and intellectual development take place in definite sequences.
• Principle of development direction: The direction of development is ‘cephalocaudal’ (from head to limbs i.e, in longitudinal axis) as well as ‘proximodistal’ (from the centre to the periphery) direction. The child gains control over its head first, then arms and legs. Likewise, the child learns to control large muscles first and does finer movements with smaller muscles. This means, the child develops the ability to control arms first and only then can control fingers and so on.
• Continuous Development: The process of development is continuous starting from the conception through birth to lifelong, i.e., from womb to tomb.
• Rate of growth and development is not uniform: Though development is continuous, the rate of growth and development is not uniform. Rapid changes occur in the early years and slow down in later years of life. During adolescence again there is a sudden rise in growth and development, which slows down in later age of life.
• Principle of individual difference: With respect to development, the rate and quality of development in various dimensions differ from person to person. There is a difference in the growth rate between boys and girls. Girls mature earlier in comparison to boys. For eg, girls appear taller and well developed than boys of the same age.
• Development proceeds from general to specific responses: Responses are the first general before they become specific almost in all dimensions of development. In case of language development, the child before saying different words, letters, babble different sounds similarly it sees large objects before seeing small objects. It means general ability precedes the specific activity in all the phases of the child’s development.
• Principle of integration: By proceeding from general responses to specific response again, these specific responses are integrated from the whole it means there is a movement from whole to parts and again from parts to whole.
• Principle of interrelationship: Development in various aspects of the child is interdependent due to interrelationships. Development of one dimension in social aspect influences emotional development; and, in effect, all the dimensions of development relate with or influence each other.
• Predictability: The rate of growth and development of each child gives scope to predict the future development either physically or intellectually.

Hence, we conclude that general ability precedes specific ability in all phases of a child's development. is correct.

The growth and development of human beings are influenced by a variety of factors categorized broadly as internal and external.

Key Points

Internal Factors: All those factors which lie within the individual are called internal factors. These factors include heredity, biological or constitutional factors, intelligence, emotional factors, and social nature.

• Biological and constitutional factors: These factors include genetic factors and hormonal factors. All these parts are essential for one's development into an adult human being. A child’s constitutional or physical make-up, somatic structure, physique, and body chemistry influence his/her growth and development throughout his/her life.
• Heredity factors: the heredity factors play their part at the time of conception in the mother’s womb. What is transferred to the offspring from its immediate parents in the form of genes and chromosomes at this time constitutes the hereditary contribution. This contribution is the real starting point and basis for all the growth and development that take place later in the life of the child.
• Intelligence: Intelligence- the ability to learn, adjust and take the right decision at right time- has a significant role in the overall growth and development of the child. It affects his/her social behaviour, moral judgment and emotional growth.
• Emotional factors: Emotional factors, e.g. emotional adjustability and maturity, play a big role in influencing a person’s overall growth and development. If a person cannot exercise reasonable control over his/her emotions, he/she is sure to suffer in terms of his/her growth and development.
• Social nature: A person’s socialization helps him/her in achieving adjustment and advancement in other aspects of his growth and development. He/she may learn from his/her environment, more by means of his/her social nature, which may prove to be a boon to him/her for his/her proper growth and development.

Hence, all are internal factor(s) on the growth and development of children.

Human development involves change. This change occurs at various stages of development and the development pattern at each stage has predictable characteristics. You might have observed that development is a product of maturity and learning. Maturity is more or less automatic, unfolding biological potential. It is an irreversible sequence and entails biological changes. Such changes are relatively independent of environmental factors as long as environmental factors remain normal. 

Key Points

Principles of development 

• Principle of Sequentiality: Sequentiality Most psychologists agree that development is sequential or orderly. Every species, whether animal or human, follows a pattern of development peculiar to it. This pattern in general is the same for all individuals.
• In prenatal development, there is a genetic sequence, that appears at fixed intervals with certain characteristics.
• Social and behavioral scientists increasingly have come to see development as a relationship between an organism and the environment in a transaction or collaboration. Individuals work with and affect their environment, and in turn, the environment works with and affects them. 

Hint

• Principle of Continuity: Development is a continuous process from conception to death. In the early years of life, the development consists of changes that lead the child to maturity not only in body size and functioning but also in behavior.
• Principle of Generality to Specificity: Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity.
• Principle of Dlfferentiality: The tempo of development is not even. Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development. Boys and girls have different development rates. Each part of the body has its own particular rate of growth.

Hence, we can conclude that "Development follows a pattern of development peculiar to it". This statement is related to the Sequentiality principle of development.

The term ‘development’ refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects. The process of development continues even after the individual has attained physical maturity (growth).

• Development takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional, and others. Development is governed by certain principles which are applicable to all individuals.

Key Points

Development occurs at different rates for different parts of the body or unequal development rate:-

• The development of different physical and mental traits is continuous but all parts of the body do not grow at the same rate.
• In some areas of the body, growth may be rapid while in others, growth will be slow.
• Development does not take place at the same rate during ten to fifteen years of age as it takes place during five to ten years of age.
• For example, the brain attains its full maturity around the age of 6 to 8 years, feet, hands, and nose reach their maximum size in early adolescence, whereas the heart, liver, and digestive system grow during adolescence also.

Thus, it is concluded that development does not take place at the same rate during ten to fifteen years of age as it takes place during five to ten years of age, is a true statement according to the principle of unequal development rate.

Hint

• The development follows a fixed pattern/sequence: Each child may have a different rate of development. However, the development of all human beings follows a similar pattern, similar sequence, or direction. Sequential patterns of development can be seen in two directions. The child gets control overhead first, then on hands and legs and First, the torso develops, then hands, head and legs develop.
• There are individual differences in development: Interaction between heredity and environmental influences leads to individual differences in the developmental pattern. Development of different persons takes place in different ways.

Principles of development define the basic process of human development. It will assess the role and importance of growth processes and levels and the principles of growth and behavior in the total life span. 

Key Points 
Importance of Understanding Principle of Development: It is necessary for the teachers to understand the need and importance to study them. 

• Knowledge of the development patterns for different age groups helps us to know what to expect of a child and when to expect it. We may often expect too much from a child too early. Your own experience in teaching will help you to understand this fact. For example- you know that trying to teach algebra to a III standard child will be a hostile exercise The concepts are too complicated for the child to comprehend.
• It helps parents and teachers to give timely guidance to children as they grow from one stage to the other. when a child is showing an increased curiosity in things around them, parents/teachers can facilitate this development by providing more opportunities. For example, answering the child's questions, giving suitable books to browse questions, daily book reading practice, etc. 
• It helps the teachers effectively cater to the different learning styles and diverse needs of learners.
• Normal development pattern makes it possible for parents and teachers to prepare children ahead of time for changes that will take place in their bodies, their interests or their behavior. For example, children can be prepared for what will be expected from them when they enter school. Similarly, older children call to be explained the reasons for physiological changes during puberty. 

Hence, we can conclude that Understanding the principles of the development of a child helps a teacher in effectively catering to the different learning styles of learners.

Right from conception, the beginning of life in a mother’s womb, the growth and development of human beings are influenced by a variety of factors categorized broadly as internal and external. 

Key Points

The following are the environmental (external) factors affecting the growth of child:

• Mother’s diseases: It is the main cause of fetal death and its possible effects. German measles or rubella and cytomegalovirus diseases are among the most potentially dangerous infectious diseases in mothers.
• Drugs and Chemicals: For a healthy delivery it is necessary to avoid any kind of drugs and chemicals unless they are professionally recommended by the doctors. 
• Radiation: Radiation is responsible for causing damage to the fetus. Larger doses of therapeutic radiation may be injurious to the fetus and sometimes cause spontaneous abortion. 
• Abortion: Termination of pregnancy could be due to natural causes or pregnancy may be terminated medically due to certain medical reasons.
• Age of the mother: Maternal age has a higher risk for infant defect, prematurity, and infant death. In older women (women over 35 years) the ova, which have been present in an immature state from birth, may have been affected by aging or exposure to chemicals, drugs, and other harmful agents. In young women (women under 18 years) the reproductive system may not be fully developed. Pregnant teenagers may also have generally poor prenatal care.
• Nutrition/ Diet of the mother: The mother is the only sole source of nutrition for the unborn child, a diet providing the proper balance of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins is vital.
• Stress in the mother: The effects of maternal stress are less important than the effects of maternal nutrition but some studies strongly believe that maternal stress may affect the fetus development.
• The Rh Incompatibility: The Rh factor, is an inherited protein found in the blood of 85% of the population. The problem arises when the male carries the Rh-positive factor, the female does not carry the Rh-negative factors and the child develops as Rh-positive. If the sibling blood comes into contact with the mother’s, the mother system may manufacture antibodies to ward off the foreign Rh protein. The antibodies destroy the child’s oxygen-carrying red blood cells, a condition known as erythroblastosis and death or mental retardation can occur.

Hence, we conclude that the physical and mental health of the mother during pregnancy is a/an external factor that influences the growth and development of a child.

Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. During this process, a child progresses from dependency on their parents/guardians to increasing independence.

Key Points

Human beings play an active role in their own development. Countless factors, from family and environment to genes and biology, influence a child’s growth and development. Every child brings to life the environment of one's program.

Important Points

The development of the child is influenced by:-

• Teacher’s behavior towards the child:- Teachers must give recognition for their effort or achievement so that children will not be discouraged by their failure and try again. Teacher's behavior plays an important role in a child's development.
• Parent’s behavior towards the child:- The child-parent relationship has a major influence on a child's development. Parents might endorse or value being warm and responsive to children, but have difficulty expressing those feelings when their child is misbehaving. As a result of this realization, the study of parent cognitions has been widened to include more specific ways of thinking. Parenting skills and behavior have a positive impact on a child's development.
• Peer influence on the child:- Children begin their lives in the social world of their families, however, as they mature they are introduced to the social world of peers and spend increasing amounts of time with kids of their own age. Peer relationships are more balanced and the partners tend to bring similar levels of ability, reasoning, and skill to their interactions. Peer relationships provide a unique context in which children learn a range of critical social-emotional skills, such as empathy, cooperation, and problem-solving strategies. So, peer influence on the child plays an important role in child development.

Hence, we can conclude that all of the above factors are influence the development of the child.

Growth is an important attribute of childhood. The process of growth starts from the conception of the fetus and continues till adolescence when the child matures into adulthood. 

• The terms growth and development are closely interrelated and it is not possible to separate one from the other.

​Key Points

• Growth refers to an increase in the size of the body parts due to the multiplication of cells and an increase in the intercellular substance. It can be measured in inches or centimeters and in kilograms or pounds. It causes quantitative changes in the body. Each child has a different genetic potential for growth.
• Development refers to physiological maturation. It is a progressive increase in skill and capacity to function. It causes a qualitative change in a child's functioning.

Important Points
Lifespan and age are two major factors that explain the direction of the outcome of growth and development as both are dependent on these factors.

• ​ Life span refers to the ongoing process that we go through while growing up. It is the period of time from conception extending to death. Studying life span development is very important because it helps in describing and explaining the mysteries of human development.
• Life span development includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures versus learning through experience.

Thus, it is concluded that Lifespan and age are major factors explaining the direction and outcome of growth and development.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. Development does not just involve qualitative development and quantitative development, but also the cognitive and social aspects associated with development. The scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life.

Key Points

All Areas of Human Development: The nature of development is all-around development.

• Physical Development: It involves studying those aspects of our body that are responsible for physical development such as the brain, nervous system, genes, hormones and availability of nutrition, etc.
• Cognitive Development: The focus of this area is to understand how intellectual capacity changes with growth and physical changes.
• Personality Development: This area studies the development or change in one’s personality throughout the lifespan. Further, it aims at understanding the individual differences among people w.r.t. their personality structure.
• Social Development: Under this area, psychologists attempts to understand how people interact with other people and forms relationship with each other. It also focuses on those factors that affect social development.

Hence, we can conclude that the nature of development depends upon all-around development.

Socialization is the continuous process through which an individual learns to imbibe the values and norms into his behavior to live in a society. It begins from infancy and takes place throughout the lifetime.

• Socialization is a process through which a person is inducted into the social world by imbibing social skills, values, beliefs, and cultures.  

Key Points Following are the key postulates of socialization:-

• It is a process of internalization of social norms (expectations), values, moral codes, and ideals of society.
• It helps in the inculcation of principles, values, and symbols of a social system. 
• It develops skills and capacities needed to fit into the society. The development of the social nature enables the person to participate in social life. 
• It helps in the transmission of culture from generation to gener­ation.
• It develops a sense of identity and the capacity for independent thought and action, for example learning of language.

Thus, it is concluded that It helps in the inculcation of principles, values, and symbols of a social system and The development of the social nature that enables the person to participate in social life are the key postulates of socialization.

Early  adolescence is a phase of life of a person when he is no more a child and not yet an adult. It is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves several changes in body and mind.

Key PointsCharacteristics of Early adolescence:​

Hence, we can conclude that the growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics are accelerated in the characteristics of early adolescence.

Child development refers to a sequence of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that occur in human beings from birth till the attainment of adulthood.

Key Points

• Development is a continuous process that takes place gradually in a sequential manner.
• Rate of Development Varies from Person to Person.
• Development Proceeds from General to Specific.
• Development involves acquiring a culture through social interaction and biological growth.

Hence, the only statement  I is correct. So, option 2 is the correct solution.

Important Points

As human development is based on certain principles these are:

Continuity: 

• Development is a continuous process from conception to death. In the early years of life, the development consists of changes that lead the child to maturity not only in body size and functioning but also in behavior. Even after maturity has been attained, development does not end. Changes continue which lead to the period of life known as senescence or old age. These changes continue until death ends the life cycle. 

Sequentiality: 

• The directional sequence of development during both prenatal and postnatal stages may either be (i) from head to foot, or (ii) from the central axis to the extremities of the My. All children follow a development pattern with one stage leading to the next. Infants stand before they walk; draw circles before they make squares. Even though development is continuous, there is evidence that at different ages certain characteristics stand out more conspicuously than others.

Generality to Specificity: 

• Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity. For example, the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable of making specific responses. In early postnatal life, infants wave their arms randomly. They can make such specific responses as reaching out for an object near them. In language, from genetic sounds emerge words and then specific sentences with meaning.

Differentiality: 

• The tempo of development is not even. Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development. Boys and girls have different development rates. Each part of the body has its own particular rate of growth. Development does not occur at an even pace. There are periods of great intensity and equilibrium and there are periods of imbalance. The development achieves a plateau and this may occur at any level or between levels. Developmental changes do not always go forward in a straight line. While the development of different physical and mental traits is continuous, it is never uniform.

Pre-number concepts: These concepts can be developed in children during the preschool years. i.e. before attaining 7 years of age(before the concrete operation stage). Pre-number concepts are like matching, sorting, comparing, ordering, etc.

Important PointsComparing:

• Children look at items and compare by understanding differences like big-little, hot-cold, smooth-rough, tall-short, heavy-light.
• Using comparison terms like these is important when children are looking for a relationship between two or more quantities.
• To determine more/less/same comparisons, children initially need to construct and compare sets of concrete objects.
• At the preschool level children should make comparisons of more, less, and same by making visual comparisons.​
• Pre number concepts (comparing) helps in cognitive development of children.
• Cognitive development means how children think, explore and figure things out. It is the development of knowledge, skills, problem solving and dispositions, which help children to think about and understand the world around them.

Additional Information

1. Emotional development: Emotional development refers to the ability to recognize, express, and manage feelings at different stages of life and to have empathy for the feelings of others. The development of these emotions, which include both positive and negative emotions, is largely affected by relationships with parents, siblings, and peers. Emotions can be positive (Love, Happiness, etc.) - negative (anger, fear, etc.) 
2. Creative Development: Creative development is a process of exploring ideas, abilities, and emotional understanding expressions of children through various curricular activities like dance, music, art, crafts, reading, etc.
3. Socio-Emotional Development: According to Waltz, socio-emotional development is a combination of social and emotional intelligence. It specifically refers to a child’s capacity for self-confidence, trust, and empathy. It also includes being able to use language as a means of expression and cognitive curiosity.

Hence, we can conclude that development of pre number concept are related to cognitive development.

Mental growth and development imply changes in the mental process taking place from birth to death. The overall development of abilities in children such as memory, reasoning, language, thinking, intelligence, etc is called mental development.

Mental growth and development is controlled by:

1. Heredity: An individual’s mental development takes place as a result of interaction between the individual’s personal experience with inherited intelligence from family.
2. Environment: The kind of healthy interactions among the family members as well as the habits exhibited by the parents of an individual plays an equally important role in optimal mental development.
3. Socio-economic status: The financial status of a family has an impact on the kind of school the child will be enrolled to and the access to various educational resources.
4. Physical growth: Growth and development goes hand in hand. An individual having sound physical health is more likely to have sound mental development as well.
5. School environment:  Effective methods of teaching, efficient learning materials, teacher’s overall attitude also plays a role in the mental development of a child.
6. Physical environment: Physical factors such as proper light, adequate space, fresh air has its effect on intellectual development.

Important Points

• Heredity: It refers to the traits that pass down from the parents to their offspring. It is the most important personality and intelligence determinant.
• Environment: It refers to the circumstances in which an individual lives. Child's immediate environment strongly influenced their personality and intelligence.

Hence, it could be concluded that mental growth and development is controlled by heredity and environment factor.

Development can be defined as a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes. The development of human beings is divided into different stages such as Infancy, Early Childhood, Late Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood.

Key Points

• Adolescence is the stage of life that begins at the onset of puberty when sexual maturity or the ability to reproduce is attained.
• Puberty refers to the physical and sexual maturation of both boys and girls, the term adolescence also includes cognitive, social, and behavioral characteristics of this period.
• Adolescence is a phase of the life of a person when he is no more a child and not yet an adult. Life is full of tremendous energy. The curiosity and experimentation at one time pave the path to success and at other, may cause uncertainty.
• This is a critical time in life because the experiences, knowledge, and skills acquired in adolescence have important implications for adulthood.
• The word adolescence is derived from the Latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow up” or “to mature.” It is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves a number of changes in body and mind.

Thus, it is concluded that the stage of life that begins at the onset of puberty, when sexual maturity or the ability to reproduce is attained is commonly known as Adolescence.

Hint

• Infancy is the shortest of all developmental stages. From birth up to the two years of life, the stage is known as infancy. Babies grow very rapidly in size during these years. The acquisition of motor skills like holding things, crawling, walking proceeds from simple to complex.
• Early childhood as stated earlier is the period from 2 to 6 years of age. This period is sometimes referred to as the preschool period.
• Late childhood age starts between the age of 6 to 12 years, children look much taller and thinner. Children exhibit rapid gains in strength and swiftness. They achieve new motor skills and their competence becomes more pronounced in all areas of development.
• Adulthood: Strength and energy characterize this time of life from the middle twenties when most bodily functions are fully developed, until about the age of 50.

Human beings keep changing. During their lives, they change in size, appearance, and psychological makeup. The way they change differs from individual to individual. But the fundamental underlying patterns of growth and development remain more or less the same and take place in an orderly way.

Key Points

• The growth of a child is mainly related to 'Physical Development' which refers to physical changes that occur in humans throughout life.
• Growth talks about the quantitative changes, for instance, an increase in size and structure. For example, It is possible to measure how tall a child has grown over a specific period of time.
• The child not only becomes larger in stature but the size and structure of the internal organs and the brain also increases.
• Physical growth goes on from birth onwards, in tissues, muscles, bones, height, weight, strength, brain, and in fact, in every physical aspect, function, or formation.

Thus, it is concluded that Growth is related to the physical dimension of personality of a child.

Hint

• Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as change in personality or other mental, moral and emotional aspects. It results in an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs.
• For example, child’s increased ability to adjust in groups and make friends is a social aspect of his development.

Development: Development can be defined as the change of shape, size, health, or change in psychology.

Key Points

The following are the Principles of Human Development:

• Principle of Continuity: Development follows the principle of continuity which starts with conception and ends with death. It is a never-ending process in life.
• Principle of Individual Differences: It says that every individual is unique in himself/herself as the heredity and environmental factors make him/her different from others.
• Principle of Generality to Specificity:  The development process starts with general responses shown by the child as s/he passes through the later stages s/ he starts exhibiting specific behaviours. 
• Principle of Interrelation: The development of an individual is reflected through the balanced interrelation of all the aspects of life. Development in any aspect affects the other aspect also.
• Principle of Interaction: The principle of interaction suggests that an individual is the product of heredity and environment. In other words, the interaction takes place within and outside forces of the child.
• Principle of Differentiation in Rate: Differentiation in the rate indicates that individuals differ in the rate of development. There is a difference in the rate of development in girls and boys like girls grow faster than boys at the early stage of development.
• Principle of Integration: Principle of Integration refers to the integration of various aspects of development like physical, mental, emotional, social and moral.
• Principle of Predictability: Development is predictable i.e. with the help of the uniformity of the pattern and sequence of development, we can predict the behaviour to a great extent of a child in one or more aspect in a particular stage of her/his growth and development.
• Principle of Sequentiality: It states that every individual although exhibit difference in change, follow the same sequence of change.
  • The Cephalocaudal tendency exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from head to foot. That is the reason why the child first gains control overhead before s/he starts walking.
  • Proximodistal tendency proceeds from near to the distant and from parts of the body near the centre develop first then the extremities. Therefore the child in the earlier stage of development exercises on the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the principle of self-pacing is not the Principle of Growth and development. 

Socialization is the process by which children are transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into social and cultural animals.

• We learn the language of the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.
• Socialization is a process of acquiring values, beliefs, and expectations.

Important Points

• Socialization is a process of internalizing the norms, culture, values and customs of the society to be socially acceptable.
• Secondary socialization is a type of socialization which refers to the growing child who learns very important lesson in social conduct from his peers.
• Peer groups are the agents of 'Secondary Socialization' which takes place throughout one's life.
• It helps children to learn appropriate social attitudes such as how to like and enjoy social life and group activities.

Note: Refer to the table to be familiar with types of socialization:

Hence, secondary socialisation refers to the growing child who learns very important lesson in social conduct from his peers.