Test: Education & Leadership (Teaching Learning Process) - Software Development MCQ

Teaching is a skillful application of knowledge and experiences to facilitate learning. The quality of education depends ultimately on the quality of the teaching. Teachers comprise a major force in the school system. The quality of teachers has, therefore, a direct bearing on the quality of education imparted in our schools. It is not at all unreasonable that the increasingly educated public should expect teachers to be accountable for the performance of school and students.

Key Points

• Teaching makes use of various techniques or skills such as questioning, probing, exemplifying, etc.
• It also makes use of various methods or models of teaching depending upon the nature of the content being taught, objectives to be accomplished, and readiness of the learners to learn.
• Teaching also makes use of such media as audio-visual media, human interaction media, print media, realia, electronic media, etc.
• Success in teaching, to a great extent, depends upon the selection and use of appropriate techniques, methods, and media.

Important Point 

When you visit a class, you can observe a lot of things that reflect best the quality of teaching in that classroom. For example, the level of questions asked by the students can reflect the kind of learning that is happening in the class. Like if they ask a deep, meaningful, and thoughtful question, it reflects that their teacher is pouring great knowledge. A question that the teacher puts across the class, for example, is an act of teaching while restricting its answer to a single student and avoiding confusion in the class is part of management.

Hence we can say that the quality of questions asked by students in the classroom reflects best the quality of teaching in a classroom.

In the constructive classroom, students work primarily in groups where learning and knowledge are interactive and dynamic. One cannot find it in a traditional classroom in which students work alone. In that situation, learning takes place through repeated practice and the students mostly depend on the textbook. But in constructivist classroom students conduct experiments and do some projects work. They start the work individually but come together in a group to discuss the results. They also go outside the classroom to observe something in the school garden or in a museum. After recording observation they come with their individual observations which they discuss in the group. Group discussions play a very important role. The activities are based on debate, intellectual participation and drawing conclusion.

• If one observes a constructivist classroom she/he shall see the following things.
• The students are actively involved in learning.
• The environment is democratic.
• The activities are interactive and student-centred.
• The teacher facilitates a process of learning in which the students are encouraged to do the task actively as responsible members.
• Opinion, ideas given by the students are accepted and honoured.
• Students make meaning from their own experience.
• Process is as important as product
• Focus is on learning, not teaching.

Hence, all statements regarding constructivist approach for teaching-learning process are correct.

Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved. It leads to decision making. 

Key Points

Specifically, there are three types of evaluation used in the classroom. These are summative evaluation, formative evaluation and diagnostic evaluation. 

• Formative Evaluation-
  • It is done during the course of instruction with a view to improving students' learning.
  • The purpose of this evaluation is to provide feedback regarding the students' progress, by finding out the learning gaps and the weak points. The teacher can then organize remedial programmes for them. 
  • It also provides the teacher feedback regarding the efficiency of the teaching methods, so that the teaching can be improved.
• Summative Evaluation-
  • It comes at the end of the term, course or programme of teaching. It involves formal testing of a pupil's achievement.
  • Annual examinations and half-yearly examinations in schools, public examinations are the example of such evaluation.
• Diagnostic Evaluation- 
  • The purpose of the diagnostic evaluation is to find out the underlying cause of weaknesses in a student's learning, but it is also needed even prior to instruction in order to place the student properly by looking at a higher level of achievement. Thus, diagnostic evaluation provides a starting point to carry out the instruction. 

Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that formative Evaluation provides the teacher feedback regarding the efficiency of the teaching methods so that the teaching can be improved. 

NCF 2005 in the teaching-learning process has mainly proposed a pedagogical shift from behaviorism to constructivism.

Key Points 

Important Suggestions were given by NCF 2005:

• The conceptualization of the active learner in the teaching-learning context.
• Acquisition of knowledge by the learners is replaced with the approach of construction of knowledge by the learners themselves.
• NCF remarks that knowledge construction is an evolving process and learners constantly develop knowledge by actively participating and utilizing his/her previous experiences.
• Construction of knowledge to be the major focus of teaching. Learners should be viewed as agents of their own learning.

Hence, it could be concluded that the main approach suggested by NCF-2005 in the teaching-learning process is Constructivism.

Additional Information

• The teacher should act as an autonomous facilitator.
• Evaluation should be used as a tool for enhancing continuous and comprehensive learning.

This table will help you to consolidate the major difference between behaviorism, cognitivism, connectionism, and constructivism. 

The meaning of "progressive education" depends on the meaning assigned to the word 'progress'. Progress implies movement and movement involves changes in some direction. 

• 'progressive education', is that body of educational thought that nourished in the fertile mind of John Dewey. 
• According to John Dewey, “Education is reconstruction or reorganisation of experience which adds to the meaning of experience and which increases the ability to direct the course of subsequent experiences.”

Key Points

• The assessment usually measures how much content (concepts and skill) has been achieved by a child out of the identified content he/she was supposed to achieve in a particular class. 
• Assessment plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of teaching and learning for elementary students as it gives insight into children’s understanding and helps the teacher to reflects on her pedagogy. 
• The assessment provides learners feedback on his/her performance during classroom instruction, in unit tests, termed test, etc.
• Feedback helps learners to know about their strengths and weaknesses. Accordingly, a teacher can provide remedial inputs and learners can improve their learning. 

Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that in a progressive classroom, assessment of’ learners during the process of teaching-learning gives insights into children’s understanding and helps the teacher to reflects on her pedagogy. 

Assignments are teacher-assigned tasks that students are expected to complete during or after school hours and enable to assess students’ understanding. It is essential to keep in mind that class-appropriate assignments may be chosen for your students.

Key Points

• Feedback is the information given to the learner of his performance. This feedback should be used by the teacher to revise and develop further instruction.
• Giving feedback on learning errors and getting the student to correct them and identify strategies to improve future work is directly linked to significant improvement in achievement rates.

The most appropriate form of feedback while assessing home assignment:-

• Use accurate, descriptive statements instead of marks with a will to help students develop independent learning habits.
• Use specific comments given in written form as students will understand better where they are lacking.
• Include statements of strengths and weaknesses of a student and guide on how to improve.
• Provide one or two learning goals or targets that can be achieved by the students as the next steps.

Thus, it is concluded that Specific comments given in the written form is the most appropriate form of feedback while assessing home assignment.

Hint

• Corrections marking the mistakes with red crosses make them feel scared as by looking at the red marks they will feel that they have done a lot of mistakes.
• Only through verbal discussion is the short-term feedback, as they can correct mistakes after written feedback.

The teacher is responsible to keep the students active, disciplined, attentive, participative during the teaching-learning process. For all this, the teacher has to keep the students motivated so that they remain self-disciplined and actively perform in the classroom activity.

• In a broader sense, discipline mainly denotes self-discipline which is a process whereby a student comes to regulate his own behavior to fit in with his own purposes or the needs of others.

Key Points

• The first thing that is expected from a teacher is to create situations and opportunities for encouraging learning for each and every student in the class.
• The classroom environment should be such that each and every student feels comfortable, joyful, and feel encouraged to use his potentials in a maximum way for learning.
• The main goal of increasing discipline in the classroom is to develop self-discipline among students to make the students realize their responsibilities and feel accountable for their actions.
• Discipline not just only means keeping the class silent but to conduct the teaching-learning process smoothly and engaging all the students actively in the process.
• When the activities are conducted in discipline i.e., pre-defined order and systematically then the peace and order of the class will be self-maintained and the students will be able to learn good behavioral patterns as well.
• This type of systematically organized learning process where the learning is facilitated in such a way, will make the environment of the class learner-friendly. 
• For example, when the students learn in a well-structured class where all the activities are done in a pre-defined and organized manner then they will develop a habit of performing and doing tasks in an organized manner.

So, it is concluded that the main goal to increase discipline in the classroom is to develop self-discipline among the students.

The term communication in Latin ‘communis’, means ‘to share’. It is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information through speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior.

Types of Communication:  

1. Verbal Communication:

• Verbal communication is the use of language to pass on information by speaking or writing formally.
• For example,  written instructions on a question paper, attending an online class and yoga instructor teaching yoga poses, etc.
• Verbal means the use of words in the communication process and in the design and formulation of messages.
• In oral communication, spoken words are used. 
• It is formal and precise because it often works in corporate, educational institutions, government organizations, etc.

Important Points

2. Non-Verbal Communication:

• It is understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. 
• It includes the use of visual cues such as body language (kinesics), distance (proxemics) and physical environments/appearance, of voice (paralanguage), and of touch (haptics).
• It involves the usage of gestures, touch, body language, postures, facial expressions, eye contact, or any actions depicting the universal meaning of such actions commonly understood.
• scholars argue that nonverbal communication can convey more meaning than verbal communication.
• It is informal because does not follow authority lines as in the case of formal communication. 
• Paralanguage is a non-verbal element that is found even in a speech which includes voice modulation, speaking style, rhythm, handwriting style, emotions, the spatial arrangement of words also comes under the ambit of nonverbal communication.
• Special symbols or infographic representing an ascertained message is also a medium of nonverbal communication.

Therefore The picture without dialogues is an example of Nonverbal communication because there are no words.

Additional Information

Interpersonal Communication:

• It is direct face-to-face communication between two people.
• It is personal, direct, and intimate, allowing for maximum interaction and exchange in word and gesture.
• It requires certain skills to interact effectively with others such as the knowledge of social norms, etiquette, willingness to listen, and respect for one another, willingness to share about oneself, etc.
• For example, talking to your friends or family, teacher and student interaction, etc.

Traditionally, teachers are the ones with knowledge and expertise in a particular field. They impart that knowledge through a variety of means to their students. Facilitators build on the knowledge base of the group of students to find the answers to questions.

Therefore, when we say the teacher has to play the role of a facilitator in the classroom, this means that the teacher should not be the one who controls the activities of the learners.  He /she should grant the learners some space to let the spirits of creativity and innovation. Teacher as a facilitator of learning in the classroom. NCF 2005 talks that a teacher should be a co-constructor of knowledge in the classroom.

Hence, the teacher is a facilitator of all the activities of teaching and learning who organizes the educational activities of the classroom as well as the school.

Seating Arrangement

• Generally, during teaching-learning in a mono-grade classroom situation, the teacher makes different types/patterns of seating arrangements for students in order to facilitate the conduct of group work, self-study, and other learning activities.
• The nature and type of seating arrangement in the mono-grade situation may vary depending on the need for different learning activities.

Key PointsAdvantages of changing seats of students in the classroom -

• helps in developing social skills such as working in cooperation with others,
• taking collective decisions,
• developing emotional bonding,
• accepting and sharing others’ ideas and views,
• respecting and assuming leadership roles etc.

Hence, option a is the correct answer.

The term classroom interaction describes how students engage with one another and with the teacher in the classroom. Classroom interaction is emphasized most in all teaching theories.

Key Points

• Learning takes place through the interactions students have with their peers, teachers, and other experts.
• Various theories support that by using classroom interaction, the students are more active in the learning process.
• It improves teaching and learning and can improve students' communication skills.
• It describes how the pupils engage with each other, the teacher, and even the rest of the class.

Thus, we can say that Classroom interaction is emphasized most in all teaching theories.

The term social behavior refers to conduct that takes place between two or more creatures, usually of the same species. 

Key PointsThe teacher has a lot of power to encourage and advance a student's social development:-

• to provide kids the chance to enhance their leadership skills.
• help the student by letting him know the qualities that his classmates find admirable and commonly accepted.
• to encourage learning among community members and students.
• Instead of attempting to address the full list of social skills at once, it is crucial to concentrate on a select few, such as sharing and taking turns.

Hence, it is concluded that teachers are responsible for social behavior in their classrooms.

Teachers must be proficient in a variety of technologies, and the facilities and infrastructure must support the online learning process. This includes having access to PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, stable internet networks, and online learning platforms.

Key Points

•  Today's children grow up surrounded by technology. The educational system is transforming with the help of technology.
• The usage of technology changes the role of the teacher from one of a traditional knowledge provider to one of a facilitator who guides the student's learning process and participates in joint problem-solving with them.
• Even now, students may get content material rapidly. More individuals will utilize the internet to find information during the next ten years.
• As a result, teaching will no longer merely be imparting knowledge to students; it will also require assisting them in choosing pertinent material from a sea of information.

Many people believe they could improve their lives if only they had more of that mysterious thing called willpower. With more self-control we would all eat right, exercise regularly, avoid drugs and alcohol, save for retirement, stop procrastinating, and achieve all sorts of noble goals.

Key Points

• Implicit theories about willpower suggest that when people fail to control themselves or when they have trouble reaching their personal goals this may result from their beliefs about self-control resources and not from a true lack of them.
• In implicit attentional learning, a person implicitly learns to use regularities in repeatedly presented stimulus material to consequently allocate attention more efficiently that is, more quickly and in a more focused way to the locations indicated by the regularity.
• Attention is a term that is used to describe the processes and mechanisms which entail that attended stimuli are processed faster and more correctly than unattended stimuli.
• It strongly influences how we experience our surroundings. Another fundamental aspect of behavior is an individual’s ability to learn. 
• Implicit learning is the type of learning which is non-intentional and takes place in the absence of conscious strategies.
• There is a strong functional relationship between attention and implicit learning.

Thus, it is concluded that the implicit type of attention makes an individual exercise his willpower in a single act to assign work.

In the early 20th century, three German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka proposed new principles for explaining perception called as Gestalt principle. According to these psychologists, the process of perception does not involve perceiving an array of stimuli as an object but it involves our tendency to seek a form or pattern in it.

Key Points

The literal meaning of the word Gestalt is form or configuration. The basic premise of Gestalt psychology is that the ‘whole is different from the sum of its parts. 

• Law of closure: Following its name, this law should not be confused with the law of proximity.
• It states that if enough shape is indicated, people perceive the whole by filling in the missing information.
• This law states that we have a tendency to perceive stimuli as closed shapes even with some missing parts.

Thus, it is concluded that the law of closure of the Gestalt principle of the perceptual organization states that if enough shape is indicated, people perceive the whole by filling in the missing information.

Additional Information

Teachers are individuals who have elaborate systems of knowledge for understanding problems in teaching and learning. They are experts who have control over various knowledge bases of teaching and learning and they use this knowledge to guide the science and art of their classroom instruction.

Key Points

Characteristics of an effective teacher-

• Organization and Clarity: Organization is reflected in arranging concepts and content to be taught in a systematic and orderly fashion to enable students to understand it better. The attempt is to create concept hierarchies that promote learning. Teachers who organize teaching work effectively by providing clear presentations and explanations tend to have students who learn more and also rate their teachers more positively. 
• Knowledge: Teachers who are firmly rooted in their subject knowledge make clearer presentations and recognize students' difficulties readily. They can handle the queries of their students effectively. 
• Warmth and Enthusiasm: Teachers who are warm and friendly inspire and instill positive attitudes and a love for learning in their students.

Hence, we conclude that the most important work of teachers is to organize teaching work.

Assessment tools are the techniques used for determining a student's academic talent and aptitude in a subject. They assist students in identifying methods for strengthening their academic fluency and improving their learning experience.

Key Points

​Observation Method:

• Observation is used as a technique to evaluate various aspects of behavior in controlled or uncontrolled situations. Through observation, behavior is captured in a particular situation.
• It is a means of first-hand information as experienced at a specific moment.
• It is a pre-planned and purposeful activity that provides an immediate recording of events.
• It is useful in studying group behavior as it provides direct information about the behavior of individuals in groups.
• It helps to gather data when the situation is real and not artificially set up.
• The reliability of observation can be increased by repeated observation or through observation done by many individuals.

Hence, we conclude that the teacher studies pupils' group behavior mainly by observation method.

Additional Information

• Interview: An interview is a data collection method through which an interviewer asks questions to an interviewee on a particular topic.
• Case study can be described as an approach that helps in obtaining information about the unit from varied perspectives. It can be used to study not only individuals but organizations/ institutions, events, etc.
• Experimentation: It is the process of carrying out a scientific procedure, particularly in a lab, in order to make a conclusion.

Failure may be thought of as the antithesis of success since it is the state or circumstance of failing to achieve a desired or intended goal.

Key Points Child is failed because:-

• Every child's needs are not met by the educational system.
• Teaching is not done in a meaningful way
• Proper guidance is not given to the child
• The interests of the child are not taken into consideration.

Hence, it is concluded that when the child fails, means system is failed.

Pedagogy refers to the study of teaching methods, including the aims of education and the ways in which such goals may be achieved. 

Key Points

• The word ‘pedagogy’ comes from the Greek word ‘paidagôgeô’ (paíd: child and ágô: lead) literal meaning “to lead the child”.
• Pedagogy is the discipline concerned with theory as well as practical aspects of education.
• It elaborates that how best teaching can occur in a classroom for the complete development of the learners.
• According to John Dewey “Pedagogy involves the organic relation between curriculum and teaching, and it entails study-based, socially just, and ethically sound practices resulting from negotiations among the teacher, learners, and others.” 

Hence, we conclude that the word "pedagogy" means "to lead the child". 

 The interest provides access to fresh encounters, knowledge, and abilities.

Key Points 

• Interest opens up new opportunities and teaches the youngster the value and excitement of exploring new things and learning new things.
• Following a passion may inspire innovation, experimentation, exploration, and prudent risk-taking.
• The measurement of interest method is raising interest in-class teaching as through this method teachers can find out the increase and decrease of the level of interest among students regarding various things like studying, playing, talking, sharing, etc.

Hence, it is concluded that the measurement of interest is the correct option.