UGC NET Paper 2 Geography Mock Test - 4 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is option 2 Saddle.

Key Points

• The highest peak of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Saddle.
• The saddle has an elevation of approximately 732 meters (2,402 feet) above sea level.
• Located on North Andaman Island, Saddle is the highest point in the entire archipelago.
• It is a part of the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, which is known for its rich biodiversity.
• The saddle offers stunning views of the surrounding landscapes and is a popular destination for trekkers and nature enthusiasts.

Additional Information

• Deomali: Deomali is the highest peak in the Indian state of Odisha, not in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Phawngpui: Phawngpui, also known as Blue Mountain, is the highest peak in the state of Mizoram, not in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e., Strait.

• A narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies like seas and oceans is called strait.
• Example - Strait of Malacca.
• A lagoon is a water body separated from larger water bodies by a natural barrier.
• A narrow strip of land that separates two water bodies and connects two larger landmasses is known as an isthmus.
• Example - Isthmus of Panama.
• A broad inlet or a small water body that is set off from a larger water body where the land curves inward is known as a bay.
• Example- Bay of Bengal.

The correct answer is Only (A) is true.

Key Points

• A population pyramid is a graphical illustration of the distribution by age group and sex.
• The shape of the pyramid indicates the characteristics of the population.
• If the pyramid has a broad base, it indicates that a relatively high proportion of the population lives at the youngest age of 0 to 14 years.
• A broader base indicates an expanding labour force in the future.​

Additional Information

• The population pyramid of a country in which death rates and birth rates are both high is broad at the base and narrows towards the top.

 Thus, we can say that the above statement  A is correct.

The correct answer is B.
Key Points

• The correct order is as follows -

Important Points

• Other important industrial centers of the world are:-

Answer: Option 3) June-September

Key Points

INDIAN MONSOON:

The Indian region experiences a wide range of climatic conditions, including tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. The monsoonal climate is one of the most significant features of India's climate, and it is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons.

• Option 1: October–November

This option is incorrect. While some parts of India do receive rainfall during October and November, most of the rainfall over a large part of the Indian region occurs during the summer monsoon season.

• Option 2: December–February

This option is incorrect. The winter months (December-February) are generally dry in most parts of India.

• Option 3: June–September

This option is correct. Most of the rainfall over a large part of the Indian region occurs during the summer monsoon season, which typically lasts from June to September. Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.

• Option 4: March–May

This option is incorrect. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) is generally characterized by dry and hot weather in most parts of India.

Hence,

The correct answer is Option 3: June–September.

 Radiosondes are balloons which fly at different levels to sense different weather phenomena, like stability and unstability of weather. Thus, radiosondes with help of radio waves measure the various weather formations.

Thus, the Correct answer is B.

Structuration theory was majorly propounded by Giddens and Bourdieu. According to Giddens human agency and social structure are not two separate concepts or constructs, but these are together produced by social action and interaction. He states it as an outcome of a continuous process or flow of process.

Thus, the Correct answer is A.

The correct answer is ENSO

Key Points

• The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific oceans.
• The Southern Oscillation is a change in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
• When coastal waters become warmer in the eastern tropical Pacific (El Niño), the atmospheric pressure above the ocean decreases.
• El Niño and La Niña are the extreme phases of the ENSO cycle; between these two phases is a third phase called ENSO-neutral.

The correct answer is the Sahara desert of Africa.

Key Points

• Harmattan wind
  • ​It is found over the Sahara desert of Africa during summer.
  • It changes warm and moisture climatic conditions of the western coast of Africa into warm and dry.
  • These are also called doctor winds.
  • It reduces the visibility to zero.

Additional Information

• Norwester is a warm wind found in New Zealand.
• Santa Ana is a warm wind found in South California.
• Chinook is the warm and dry wind blowing on the leeward side Rocky Mountains.

India ranked 135 on Human Development Index in 2013.

Key Points

• The HDI was created to shift conversations about development progress away from GDP and toward a metric that really counts on the lives of individuals.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) in 1990 to offer a straightforward indicator of human progress.
• The HDI is based on the freedom of individuals to lead the lives they choose and has become well-known for its straightforward yet thorough formula that evaluates a population's average longevity, education, and income.

Additional Information

• A long and healthy life, access to information, and a reasonable level of living are the three fundamental elements of human development that the HDI measures in summary form over time.
• Life expectancy is a measure of a long and healthy life.
• Access to learning and knowledge is measured by expected years of schooling for children of school-entry age, which is the total number of years of schooling a child of school-entry age can expect to receive if current patterns of age-specific enrolment rates remain constant throughout the year. The knowledge level is determined by mean years of schooling among the adult population, which is the average number of years of schooling received in a lifetime by people aged 25 years and older.
• Gross National Income (GNI) per capita expressed in constant 2017 foreign dollars converted using purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion rates is a measure of standard of life.

Thus we know that India ranked 135 on Human Development Index in 2013.

Remote sensing survey:

It is the art and science of obtaining information about an object or feature without physically coming in contact with that object.

Characteristics of remote sensing

1. The data collected using it is in various forms such as variations in acoustic wave distributions (SONAR), variations in force distributions (gravity meter), variations in electromagnetic energy distributions.
2. The remote sensing is the process of inferring surface parameters from measurements of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from the Earth’s surface.
3. In space-borne remote sensing, sensors are mounted on a satellite orbiting the earth.

Advantages of remote sensing are:

1. The current situation of remote sensing application for earthquake research indicates a few phenomena, related with earthquakes, particularly the Earth's surface deformation, surface temperature and humidity, atmosphere temperature and humidity, gas and aerosol content. Both horizontal and vertical deformations scaled from tens of centimeters to meters are recorded after the shock
2. Remote sensing provides data on large areas.
3. It can be used to obtain data of very remote and inaccessible regions.
4. It is relatively cheap when compared to employing a team of surveyors.
5. Easy and rapid collection of data.
6. Rapid production of maps for interpretation.

The correct answer is Continental Shelf.

Key Points

• Continental Shelf is the shallowest part of the ocean, showing an average gradient of 1° or even less and it typically ends at a very steep slope.
• Continental Shelf:
  • It is the gently sloping seaward extension of the continental plate.
  • It is the shallowest part of the ocean.
  • These are created due to sedimentation from the continents.
  • Continental Shelf is the gently sloping seaward extension of the continental plate.
  • The continental shelves are covered with variable thicknesses of sediments brought down by rivers, glaciers, etc.
  • The shelves are almost absent or very narrow along some of the margins like the coasts of Chile, the west coast of Sumatra, etc. [Ocean - Continent Convergence and Ocean - Ocean Convergence].
  • Continental shelves are located in photic zones, so have rich marine ecology.
  • The Continental Shelf of all oceans together covers 7.5% of the total area of the oceans.

Additional Information

• Ocean Floor Division can be divided into various parts such as Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Continental Rise or Foot, Deep Ocean basins, Abyssal plains or Deep Sea plain, Oceanic Trenches, Seamounts, and Guyots.
• Deep-Sea Plain or Abyssal plain:
  • These plains are gently sloping areas of the ocean basins.
  • These are the flattest and smoothest regions of the world.
  • It is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 and 6,000m.
  • These plains are covered with fine-grained sediments like clay and silt.
  • Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface.
• Oceanic Deeps or Trenches:
  • These areas are the deepest parts of the oceans.
  • The trenches are relatively steep-sided, narrow basins.
  • They are some 3-5 km deeper than the surrounding ocean floor.
  • They occur at the bases of continental slopes and along island arcs and are associated with active volcanoes and strong earthquakes.
• Continental Slope:
  • The continental slope ties the continental shelf and the rising of the continent.
  • The continental shelf stops as the slope rises sharply. From here, the continental slope begins.
  • A sudden change in the gradient to around 1 in 20 occurs. With young mountain ranges and narrow continental shelves, the slope gradient is highest off coasts and lowest off stable coasts without large rivers.
  • Most Pacific slopes are steeper than Atlantic slopes.

The correct answer is (B) and (C) are true.

Key Points

• The correct answer for the question is option 4, which is "(B) and (C) are true".
• Explanation:
  • Option (A) is incorrect because the river Nile doesn't flow through the Amazon basin.
  • The Amazon River is the main river in this region.
  • Option (B) is true because the Amazon basin has a tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year.
  • Option (C) is also true because although the temperature drops at night, the humidity remains high in the Amazon basin due to the region's dense forest cover and proximity to the equator.

Additional Information

• The Amazon basin is located in South America and covers an area of approximately 7 million square kilometers.
• The region is known for its dense rainforest and diverse wildlife, including species like jaguars, anacondas, and macaws.
• The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world and is a significant source of freshwater for the region.

The correct answer is (a) - (2), (b) - (3), (c) - (1), (d) - (4)

Key Points

• Heartland theory was given by British political geographer H J Mackinder in the year 1904. "The Geographical Pivot of History" is an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory. In this article, Mackinder extended the scope of geopolitical analysis to encompass the entire globe.
• Heartland theory believed that whoever controls the heartland( Siberia and part of central Asia) will control the world islands whereas rimland theory believed that whoever controls the rimland (Inner marginal crescent) comprised Europe, North Africa, West Asia, India, South East Asia, and part of China will control the world islands
• Spykeman propounded the Rimland theory in opposition to the Heartland theory of Mackinder. Spykman proposed a theory that countered Mackinder's Heartland Theory. According to his rimland theory, the coastal areas or littorals of Eurasia are key to controlling the World Island, not the Heartland. As per Spykman, landlocked states usually faced security challenges from their immediate neighbors.
• The ideology of Nazism Party workers and also Adolf Hitler was Lebensraum which meant that the living space or territory area extended to enable the material resources and the power of the German Nation and also established the new territory for their people settlement.
• The term Lebensraum was coined by the German geographer, Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904). During the last two decades of the 19th century, Ratzel developed a theory according to which the development of all species, including humans, is primarily determined by their adaptation to geographic circumstances.
• Geopolitics, analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations.
• The word geopolitics was originally coined by the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén about the turn of the 20th century, and its use spread throughout Europe in the period between World Wars I and II (1918–39) and came into worldwide use during the latter.

Ratzel developed the concept of Lebensraum (living space). In that he applied the concepts of organic theory to Political Geography. Humboldt travelled extensively through the world and noted that the mode of life was different in different places, such as coastal plains differed from islands, river basins or mountainous regions. Immanuel Kant, in 18^th century concluded from his research that environment had a huge impact on human lifestyle. Charles Darwin, in his book Origin of species claimed that things in nature change with time.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Statements a, b and c are correct in the case of Peninsular Rivers as they have those characteristics. Firstly, these rivers flow in comparatively shallow and graded valleys. The rivers have little erosional activity to perform and hence these suggest a consequent drainage. Secondly, the rivers are seasonal and non-perennial. Water flows through these rivers only during the rainy season. Thirdly, the hard rock surface and non-alluvial character of the plateau does not allow for the formation of meanders and hence they follow a more or less straight course.

• The major rivers of the peninsula, such as the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, predominantly flow eastward and discharge into the Bay of Bengal, forming deltas at their mouths.

The field of political geography was explored in Indian context by R.D. Dikshit. He blended political theory with spatial analysis in case of Indian nation-state. R.N.P Sinha and Govind Saran Singh also made contributions to the political geography in India.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

Sometimes, variables are highly correlated in such a way that it would be duplicate information found in another variable. Principal component analysis identifies duplicate data over several datasets. It creates a new dataset with only the essential information.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

• Humid Warm Summer climate is denoted by Da. It has hot summers. Summers are ideal for rapid growth of crops. Winters have very less vegetation.
• Dry subtropical climate is also called Mediterranean climate. It is shown by abbreviation Cs and covers 1.7% of world’s total area. Winters here are mild and rainy while summers are hot and dry.
• Tropical desert is shown with abbreviation BWh. The average rainfall here is less than 35 cm. There is little vegetation and most of it is drought resistant. Thar Desert in Rajasthan is an example of BWh climate.
• The Aw is the Tropical Savannah Climate. It has alternate wet and dry seasons. The length of the day and night is nearly equal. Total annual rainfall is between 100 and 150 cm.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

The sea level changes are not only affected by eustatic changes such as the melting of ice and global warming but also by tectonic changes such as Isostatic changes, epeirogenetic and orogenetic changes. Various other evidences such as elevated shorelines, the deposition of organic and inorganic deposits in the continental shelves support the sea level changes. But recently, the change in the sea level has mostly been due to the factors such as global warming due to anthropogenic conditions and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

The Eastern Himalayan region has rugged topography, steep slopes, thick forests and swift flowing rivers. The area has red brown soil and has shifting cultivation. It is called jhumming locally. Rice, maize, potato and fruits are the main crops here.

There have been various evolutionary phases in geography. It passed from descriptive and teleological phase to the quantitative radical and dialectical materialism stage. There was a shift of approaches that were conventionally used to a set of new ways of approaches. This was called paradigm which was for the first time propounded by Thomas Kuhn in 1962.

 Nearly 40% of country’s leather production is concentrated in the state of Tamil Nadu, making it the highest leather producing state in India. In state of Tamil Nadu the major leather production centers are Vellore, Chennai, Ambur, Trichy, Vaniyambadi and Erode.

Post modernism is an approach in human geography. It is against the concept of modernism and rejects all the statements the theory gives.

La condition postmorderne was the work of Jean Francois Lyotard.

Madness and civilization is the work of Michel Foucalt.

Postmodern Ethics is the work of Zygmunt Bauman.

Approaches to human geography is the work of Aitken S.

Altimetric analysis is the use of altimetric frequency histograms and curves for study of geomorphological significance. The accuracy of altimetric analysis depends on the density of spot-heights in an area. The grid method was suggested by Baulig to remove the deficiencies in density of spot-height. It is common to use grid method when there is deficiency in density of spot-heights.

The top layer of the ocean is called as surface layer. The sun heats the water in the surface layer and thus the temperature of the surface layer is higher than the lower layers. The average temperature at the surface is 17⁰ C. This temperature also varies in polar and equatorial areas.

An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes but different patches of the landscape, such as forest and grassland. The ecotone contains not only species common to the communities on both sides; it may also include a number of highly adaptable species that tend to colonize such transitional areas. This can produce an edge effect along the boundary line, with the area displaying a greater than usual diversity of species. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction is called the “edge effect” and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or ecological niches.

Area where waves first begin to tumble down downward, or break. surf. area between breaker zone and shore.

India has been providing assistance to Nepal for strengthening and extension of embankments along Lalbakeya, Bagmati and Kamla rivers.

This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of sources of geographic information, characteristics and uses of geographic systems, and geographic tools and technologies. Geographic information systems, which digitally create spatial areas, use sophisticated software to organize, manipulate, and analyze diverse forms of geographic data. Such a system would be a particularly effective means of correlating places of asthma occurrence with the socioeconomic characteristics of those places to determine whether there is a link between poverty and the prevalence of the disease.