UGC NET Paper 2 History Mock Test - 6 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is Raja Sitab rai.

• Robert Clive introduced Dual government in 1765

Key Points

• Under this the control of both the Diwani and Nizamat went to Company.
• For exercising the functions company appointed two deputies Diwans, for Bengal Mohammad Reza Khan and for Bihar Raja Sitab rai.
• Ram Narayan was deputy governor of Bihar before the introduction of Dual government.
• He was loyal to company and helped them in misuse of Dastak i.e., the trade permit.
• Raja Sitab rai was famous banker of Bengal who helped British against the Nawab in Battle of Plassey.

The correct answer is option (1) i.e. Cancer.

• Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali (ruled from 1761 to 1782) and his famous son Tipu Sultan (ruled from 1782 to 1799).
• Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.
• The British were furious. They saw Haidar and Tipu as ambitious, arrogant and dangerous – rulers who had to be controlled and crushed. Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799). Only in the last – the Battle of Seringapatam – did the Company ultimately win a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.
• Mughal emperor Akbar died from Dysentery.
• Mughal emperor Humayun died from falling from the stairs.

• Phallic worship: Circular stone objects were a representation of male genital organs and lingam-shaped objects.
• There were 3 types of burial systems observed:

1. Extended burial system: The body was placed in North-South directions.
2. Symbolic burial system: Body couldn’t found eg. Kaalibangan
3. Twin burial system: Two bodies in one grave. eg. Man and Dog.

Among the given statements about Spengler and Toynbee, the statement 'Both saw cultures / civilisations as organic entities' is false.

Important Points

• Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler was a German historian and philosopher of history whose interests included mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history.
• He is best known for his two-volume work, The Decline of the West, published in 1918 and 1922, covering world history.
• Arnold Joseph Toynbee was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London.
• He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–1961).
• The theories of Spengler and Toynbee were based on comparative study of culture / civilisations.
• Both were concerned with the rise and fall of civilisations.
• Both Spengler and Toynbee attempted to reveal the grand design of history.
• Spengler's model of history postulates that human cultures and civilizations are akin to biological entities, each with a limited, predictable, and deterministic lifespan.
• Spengler's conception of seeing cultures as completely separate entities was at variance with Toynbees view.

• Toynbee does not saw cultures / civilisations as organic entities.

The correct answer is Pandita Ramabai.

Key Points

• Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922)
  • Pandita Ramabai was born in the Canara district of the Madras Presidency (now in Karnataka) on April 23, 1858.
  • In order to better the lives of women, particularly child widows, Ramabai pushed girls' education and founded the Arya Mahila Samaj in Pune in 1881.
  • She founded the Mukti Mission, a refuge for young widows who had been abandoned and mistreated by their families, in Pune in 1889.
  • She also founded Sharda Sadan, which offered shelter, healthcare, education, and vocational training to widows, orphans, and those with visual impairments.
  • Because of her intellectual Sanskrit expertise, she is the first woman to be given the title Pandita.

Additional Information

• She died on 5 April 1922.
• In 1919, she receives the Kaisar-i-hind medal for her volunteer work in the community.
• Ramabai is honoured with a "feast day" on the Episcopal Church's liturgical calendar (USA).
• She also authored a number of books that depicted the difficult lives of women, including child widows and child brides.
• Ramabai had learned 18000 Puranas verses by the time she was 12 years old in addition to Sanskrit.
• She studied Bengali, Hindi, Kanarese, and Marathi.
• Her mother was Lakshmibai, and her father, Anant Shastri, was an educated Brahmin.

The correct option is Hindus had to pay pilgrimage tax for visiting their holy places and fairs as also for bathing in their sacred tanks or rivers.Key Points

• During the Delhi Sultanate period in India (1206-1526), Hindus did not have to pay a specific pilgrimage tax for visiting their holy places, participating in fairs, or bathing in sacred tanks or rivers.
• The concept of a pilgrimage tax was not a part of the administrative system implemented by the Delhi Sultanate rulers.
• It is important to note that the Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom, and while there were instances of discriminatory policies and religious tensions, there was no systematic imposition of a pilgrimage tax on Hindus.
• The Delhi Sultanate rulers did levy various taxes for revenue generation, but these taxes were generally not directly related to religious activities.
• However, it is worth mentioning that during this period, there were occasional instances where local rulers or officials in specific regions imposed tolls or fees on pilgrims visiting popular religious sites or participating in fairs.
• These instances were more localized and not representative of a widespread policy enforced by the Delhi Sultanate as a whole.
• Furthermore, it is important to distinguish between historical facts and potential misconceptions or misinterpretations that may arise over time.
• The idea of a pilgrimage tax on Hindus during the Delhi Sultanate period may have emerged from misunderstandings or exaggerated narratives that circulated over the years.

• Overall, while there were certainly instances of religious and political tensions during the Delhi Sultanate period, the imposition of a specific pilgrimage tax on Hindus for visiting their holy places and engaging in religious activities was not a widespread or systematic practice.

Hence we conclude that the correct option is Hindus had to pay pilgrimage tax for visiting their holy places and fairs as also for bathing in their sacred tanks or rivers.

The correct code is i, iii and v.Key Points

• In the first half of the Gupta period, the king or the state claimed theoretical ownership of the land, though in practice the peasants had ownership rights.
• The peasants were the actual cultivators and had a strong attachment to the land.
• The state claimed ownership, in theory, to maintain control over the land and collect revenue.
• However, in practice, the peasants had ownership rights and were allowed to transfer, mortgage, or sell their land. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Poona Copper Plate of Prabhavatigupta is a copper plate grant from the Gupta period.
• It does not provide evidence for land surveys during the Gupta period.
• However, it does provide information about the administration of land revenue during the Gupta period. So statement 2 is incorrect.
• An officer called Pustapala was in charge of land revenue collection at the district level.
• Pustapala was a revenue officer who collected land revenue on behalf of the state.
• He was responsible for maintaining records of land revenue, and his role was crucial in the administration of the land revenue. Thus statement 3 is correct.
• The Gupta inscriptions from Bengal and Bihar authorise the grantees to make a further gift of their lands to others. Therefore statement 4 is incorrect.
• The Gupta inscriptions from Bengal and Bihar do not authorise the grantees to make a further gift of their lands to others.
• The Gupta land grants in central India and western India give not only fiscal rights but also rights of judicial administration to the recipients.

• Statement 5 is true and is supported by historical evidence.

So we can conclude that the correct code is i, iii and v.

• Harsha was the younger son of Prabhakar Vardhana (First king of the Vardhana dynasty)
• After Prabhakar Vardhana died in 605 AD, his eldest son, Rajya Vardhana, ascended the throne.
• Harsha followed a tolerant religious policy. A Shaiva in his early years, he gradually became a great patron of Buddhism. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• In revenge, for his brother’s murder, he defeated Shashanka and captured Kannauj, and made it capital. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Chalukya king Pulkeshin-II defeated Harshavardhan near the Narmada river.
• Hence, option B is correct.

Additional Information

Key Points

Hauz Khas is named after an ancient water reservoir by the same name, now part of the extensive Hauz Khas Complex. In the Urdu language, 'Hauz’ means "water tank" (or lake) and ‘Khas’ means "royal", giving it the meaning — the "Royal tank". The large water tank or reservoir was first built by Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316) (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri Fort.

Annales School of historical research enlisted the aid of anthropology, climatology, psychology, geography and relevant subject disciplines. Key Points

• The Annales school is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century to stress long-term social history.
• Under Fernand Braudel's direction, the Annales School promoted a new form of history,
• The school replaced the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replaced the examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities.
• While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous.

• Annales historians in the 1970s and 1980s turned to urban regions, including Pierre Deyon, Maurice Garden, Jean-Pierre Bardet, Georges Freche, Gregory Hanlon, and Jean-Claude Perrot.

So, we can conclude that the Annales School of historical research enlisted the aid of anthropology, climatology, psychology, geography and relevant subject disciplines.​

Additional Information

• Subaltern school
  • Subaltern Studies emerged around 1982 as a series of journal articles published by Oxford University Press in India.​
  • Its main goal was to retake history for the underclasses, for the voices that had not been heard previously.
  • Scholars of the subaltern hoped to break away from the histories of the elites and the Eurocentric bias of current imperial history.
  • Scholars associated with Subaltern Studies include Ranajit Guha, David Hardiman, Dipesh Chakraborty, etc.
• Frankfurt School
  • ​The Frankfurt school theorists were among the first neo-Marxian groups to examine the effects of mass culture and the rise of the consumer society on the working classes which were to be the instrument of revolution in the classical Marxian scenario.
  • The Frankfurt school focused intently on technology and culture, indicating how technology was becoming both a major force of production and a formative mode of social organization and control.
  • Some scholars are Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Walter Benjamin (1892-1940).
• ​Ranke school
  • ​Leopold von Ranke was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.
  • He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents.
  • Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3Key PointsSignificance of the Revolt of 1857:

• The revolt disclosed several forms of flaws and inconsistencies in the administrative apparatus. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It instantly drew the attention of the British Government in London.
• The major flaws and deficiencies in the administration were corrected.
• It exposed the East India Company's military flaws, which were immediately rectified.
• The Government of India Act, 1858 abolished Company rule.
• The direct responsibility for the administration of the country was assumed by the Crown.
• Queen's proclamation made Indian states to recognise the paramountcy of the Crown.
• Earlier the provinces were ruled by companies and each province has its own governance.
• The states were ruled by local rulers that were having their own governance.
• Thus, the Queen's proclamation brought about politico-administrative unification. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• A professional civil service, a unified judiciary and codified civil and criminal laws led to political unity.
• The revolt was brought out in the open grievances of the people and sepoys. They were undoubtedly justified in fighting for their rights. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The Indians' crude weapons were no match for the British's more advanced arsenal in the test of strength.
• The reports of the atrocities persuaded Indian intellectuals that using violence in the fight for liberation was pointless.
• It became clear that the educated Indians had no faith in military resistance.
• And the revolt's failure further strengthened their opinion and formed the bedrock of Indian nationalism.

Additional InformationConsequences of the Revolt of 1857:

• As the East India Company's tenure came to an end, the British crown assumed control.
• For the Indian government, a new structure was formed.
• India's army was restructured with more Europeans.
• The annexation strategy was abandoned.
• Beginning of the policies of divide and rule.
• End of the reform measures taken by the British, they kept an arms distance from social issues.

• Fa-Hien (399 AD) was a traveller from China. He travelled from China-Gobi-Central Asia to India. His account is the only literary source specifically talking about the Gupta age society. The account says the following things:

• Buddhists and Brahmins were 2 popular religions that were living in peace.
• High wealth creation during the period.
• Law-abiding people. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Land revenue tax was there.
• Vegetarian people. Nonveg was banned. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• The existence of Caste but harmony was well established.
• Treatment of untouchables was very bad. It proves equality was not there. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• No state interference with individual life.
• Punishments were not severe.
• More freedom was given to people.
• No spy system.

• Accordingly, option C is correct.

​

Fa-Hien

Both the statements would have been correct if not for a minor factual flaw. It was Lord Lytton and not Rippon who followed aggressive Afghan policy leading to second Anglo-Afghan war 1878-80. He wanted to secure natural frontiers in north west and establish firm British control to inhibit Russian advance.

Masterly Inactivity policy was followed by John Lawrence. Lord Lawrence was cautious in dealing with the Afghanistan and did not wish to intervene in internal struggle for succession. In his own words "we will leave the Afghans to settle their own quarrels, and that we are willing to be on terms of amity and goodwill with the nation and with their rulers de facto".

The fifth Sikh Guru Arjun Dev composed Adi Granth. He supported Khusroo against Jahangir for the Mughal throne and was therefore executed by Jahangir. Guru Hargobind, the Sixth Guru was the founder of the idea Akali Takht (Sikh Brotherhood) and constructed Harminder Sahib Gate in Amritsar. The eight Guru, Harikishen was the youngest to become a guru at the age of 5 and died of small pox. Guru Ramdas, the fourth Sikh guru constructed Amritsar and Santokhsar lakes in the land granted by the Mughal Emperor Akbar to his daughter.

Even though Indian villages were largely self-sufficient and imported little from outside and the means of communication were backward, extensive trade within the country and between India and other countries of Asia and Europe was carried on under the Mughals. Indian imported pearls, raw silk, wool, dates, dried fruits, and rose water from the Persian Gulf region; coffee, gold, drugs, and honey from Arabia; tea, sugar, porcelain, and silk from China; and so on. India’s most important article of export was cotton textiles which were famous all over the world for their excellence and were in demand everywhere.

1) Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian ICS officer in 1868.

2) Lord Warren Hastings was the first to form local courts called Munsif Courts, presided over by the Indians.

3) T.B. Macaulay became the first Law Member under the Charter Act of 1833. It was Macaulay who codified Hindu Law and Islamic Law.

4) Charles Wilkins was the first to translate Bhagwad Gita into English.

The British destroyed the native industries by imposing various taxes. The first industry affected was India’s Ship building industry. The Bania merchants used to manufacture very huge ships called Zankars which were made up of coir. The second industry targeted was the textiles Industry. Taxes were levied on Indian textiles at every stage of their production. Moturpha was the tax on handlooms, Siyur was the transitory duty levied on Indian Commodities.

The country today practically produces no tin; this was scarce even in ancient times. We do not find many bronze objects in prehistoric times, as Bronze is made by mixing Copper with Tin. Hence, although the Harappa people used bronze tools, their number compared to those found in other places is very small and their tools carry a smaller percentage of tin. Therefore, the major portion of India had no proper Bronze age, that is, an age in which tools and implements were mostly made of bronze.

Peasant Movements are a part of social movements against British atrocities in the 18th and 19th centuries of the British Colonial Period. These movements had the sole purpose of restoring the earlier forms of rule and social relations.

Important Points

The Pagal Panthi, a semi-religious group mainly constituting the Hajong and Garo tribes of Mymensingh district (earlier in Bengal), was founded by Karam Shah.

• The tribal peasants organised themselves under Karam Shah’s son, Tipu, to fight the oppression of the zamindars.
• The government introduced an equitable arrangement to protect these peasants, but the movement was violently suppressed.

Thus, we can say that Karam Shah was the leader of Pagal Panthis.

Additional Information

• Narkelberia Uprising (1782-1831) was led by Titu Mir/ Mir Nithar Ali.
• Faraizi Revolt was led by Shariat-Allah and his son Dadu Mian.
• Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900) was led by Birsa Munda in the region south of Ranchi

• Scientific Method and Objectivity: The "positive" school, exemplified by Leopold von Ranke, emphasized applying scientific methods to historical research. They aimed for objectivity and a focus on primary sources like documents and official records.
• Reaction to Romanticism and Idealism: This movement arose as a reaction to earlier trends in historical writing, particularly Romanticism, which often relied on emotions, intuition, and philosophical interpretations of the past. They saw this approach as subjective and unscientific
• Emphasis on Critical Source Analysis: "Positive" historians valued rigorous source criticism to verify the accuracy and authenticity of historical documents. They aimed to establish a set of methodologies for historical research to ensure reliable conclusions.

Additional Information

• Increased emphasis on social and economic forces: The "positive" school actually embraced this trend, aiming to apply scientific methods to analyze these forces.
• Focus on the role of great individuals and heroic deeds: While not the sole focus, some "positive" historians found inspiration in this approach, attempting to verify details surrounding historical figures.
• Growing interest in the history of everyday life and popular culture: This development largely occurred later, in the 20th century, with the rise of social history and cultural studies.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (B) are true.Key Points

• The question is about two statements related to Provincial Autonomy in India.
• Option 1 is the correct answer as both statements (A) and (B) are true.
• The government announced elections to the Provincial legislatures in 1937, which was a significant step towards Provincial Autonomy.
• After the election results, the Congress formed governments in 7 out of 11 Provinces, which further strengthened the idea of Provincial Autonomy.
• This led to the formation of Provincial Governments that had the power to make decisions in their respective regions.
• This was a crucial step towards India's eventual independence from British rule.
• Option 2 is incorrect as both statements are not false.
• Option 3 is incorrect as statement (A) is true.
• Option 4 is incorrect as statement (B) is true.

• The severity of famines in India during the colonial period was significantly influenced by several factors under British rule, particularly the emphasis on the cultivation of cash crops at the expense of subsistence crops, and the imposition of heavy taxation and exploitative land revenue systems.

Introduction of cash crops at the expense of subsistence crops:

• Under British colonial rule, there was a significant shift in agricultural practices in India, with a focus on the cultivation of cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and opium instead of traditional subsistence crops like rice and wheat that were essential for the local population's food security.
• This shift was driven by the British desire to integrate India into the global market economy as a supplier of raw materials for British industries.
• As a result, large areas of agricultural land that were previously used to grow food that could feed the local population were now used to grow crops for export.
• This transition made India more vulnerable to food shortages and famines, as the availability of edible crops decreased, especially in times of drought or other adverse natural conditions.
• The reliance on cash crops reduced the resilience of local agricultural systems to support the nutritional needs of the population during hard times.

Heavy taxation and land revenue systems:

• The British colonial administration implemented taxation and land revenue systems that were onerous for the Indian farmers.
• The land revenue systems, such as the Permanent Settlement, the Ryotwari system, and the Mahalwari system, often imposed high taxes on land and demanded revenue payments in cash rather than in kind.
• These systems put a significant financial burden on the peasants, who were forced to sell their food grains to meet the demands of the revenue collection, even during years of poor harvests.
• This financial pressure led to widespread indebtedness among the peasant population and constrained their ability to retain enough food for their subsistence.
• In years of crop failure or low agricultural output, the peasants' inability to pay taxes led to the loss of their land and further exacerbated the food scarcity in the region.
• Additionally, the prioritization of revenue collection over the well-being of the local population meant that there was little to no effort from the colonial administration to mitigate the effects of famines or to provide relief to the affected populations

​ Additional Information

• While natural environmental fluctuations, such as droughts, floods, and locust plagues, have historically contributed to famines worldwide, including India, this option is not chosen as a primary factor for the severity of famines during the colonial period for a specific reason. Natural disasters without a doubt can initiate conditions leading to famine; however, the severity and widespread impact of these famines in colonial India were significantly exacerbated by the socio-economic policies implemented by the British colonial administration, such as the shift to cash crops and the oppressive taxation and revenue systems.
• Immediate post-independence economic policies:
  This option is incorrect because the question specifically asks about the factors that contributed to the severity of famines during the colonial period, which ended with India's independence in 1947. Immediate post-independence economic policies of India pertain to the period after the colonial rule and thus are not relevant to discussing the causes of famines that occurred within the timeline of British rule in India.

Mixed-method research is a kind of research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data.Key Points

• Mixed methods strategically integrates or combines rigorous quantitative and qualitative research methods to draw on the strengths of each.
• Mixed method approaches allow researchers to use a diversity of methods, combining inductive and deductive thinking.
• This research offsetting limitations of exclusively quantitative and qualitative research through a complementary approach that maximizes strengths of each data type and facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of health issues and potential resolutions.
• Mixed methods may be employed to produce a robust description and interpretation of the data, make quantitative results more understandable, or understand broader applicability of small-sample qualitative findings.
• Mixed methods is not simply having quantitative and qualitative data available or analyzing and presenting data findings separately.

• The integration process of this research can occur during data collection, analysis, or in the presentation of results.

So, we can conclude that Mixed-method research is a kind of research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data.

Labour unrest and Trade Unions:

• Strikes were organized on the issue of rising prices and racial insults in foreign-owned companies. Eg.
  • In September 1905, more than 250 Bengali clerks of the Burn Company, Howrah walked out in protest against a derogatory work regulation.
  • In July 1906, a strike of workers was organized in the East Indian Railway which resulted in the formation of a Railwaymen’s Union.
  • Between 1906 and 1908, strikes in the jute mills were very frequent.
  • Subramania Siva and Chidambaram Pillai led strikes in Tuticorin and Tirunelveli in a foreign-owned cotton mill. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • In Rawalpindi (Punjab), the arsenal and railway workers went on strike led by Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • However, in 1908, the labor unrest subsided under strict action.
• An attempt was also made to give political expression to the economic grievances of the working class by organizing these strikes.
• The question is asking about incorrect statements. Accordingly, D is correct.

The correct answer is the Treaty of Seringapatam.

Key Points

• Treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.
  • The ‘Treaty of Srirangapatnam’ was signed on 18 March 1792.
  • It ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
  • During the third Anglo-Mysore war, Tipu Sultan forces were attacked by the combined forces of the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the East India Company.
  • Tipu Sultan lost against the combined forces and was forced to sign a treaty with the British by which two of his sons were taken away as hostages. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
  • Under this treaty, nearly half of the Mysorean territory was taken over by the alliance of the British, Nizam, and the Marathas.
  • Baramahal, Dindigul, and Malabar went to the British, while the Marathas got the regions surrounding the Tungabhadra and its tributaries and the Nizam acquired the areas from Krishna to beyond the Pennar.
  • Besides, war damage of three crore rupees was also taken from Tipu.
  • Half of the war indemnity was to be paid immediately while the rest was to be given in installments, for which Tipu’s two sons were taken as hostages by the English.
  • The Third Anglo-Mysore War destroyed Tipu’s dominant position in the south and firmly established British supremacy there.

The correct answer is 3 and 4 only.

Key Points

Several tribal assemblies are mentioned in the Rig Veda. These are:

• Sabha – Smaller body meant for elites.
• Samiti – Broad-based folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan.
• Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse functions.
• Gana – Assembly or troop. Hence option 3 and 4 is correct.
• Women also attended the Sabha and Vidatha in Rig Vedic times.

The Sabha and Samiti were important assemblies from a political point of view and the king showed eagerness to win their support.

• The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought during 1848 – 1849
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War was fought during 1803 – 1805
• The Third Anglo-Mysore War was fought during 1890 – 1892
• The Anglo-Nepal War was fought during 1814 – 1816.

All the given festivals are actually regional. Different states celebrate these festivals based on their customs and rituals.

The correct match is:

FESTIVAL

1. Navreh

2. Cheti Chand

3. Ugadi

4. Rongali Bihu

PLACE

a. Kashmir

b. Sindh

c. Andhra Pradesh

d. Assam

In the first half of the 18th century, Sawai Jai Singh built the pink city of Jaipur and five astronomical conservatives at Delhi, Jaipur, Benares, Mathura and Ujjain. He also prepared a set of time-tables called Jij Muhammad-shahi, to help the people in the study of astronomy.

British India Society was founded in 1839 in England with the efforts of William Adam, one of the friends of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. In 1885, Allan Octavian Hume secured the Viceroy's approval to create an “Indian National Union”. National Indian Association (NIA) was founded in 1870 by Mary Carpenter in Bristol, with the assistance of Keshab Chandra Sen.